Sources, in the open

The citation set

Every record behind the book, with its status shown honestly

The book claims its history is true. This is the page where you check that claim instead of taking it. Every record we opened is listed, with what it is, how strong it is, and where to read it.

  • 544 records published
  • 61 of them verified to protocol
  • 622 records in the corpus

The method

The rule the book is written under

Every load bearing claim in the book needs all five of these.

  1. Two sources that are actually independent. Independent means neither one could have derived from the other. Two articles tracing back to the same Wikipedia revision are one source.
  2. At least one of the two at tier P or S. Two pieces of journalism are not enough for anything load bearing.
  3. A cold second pass, done without sight of the first pass, by someone who did not write the sentence. A check that starts from "confirm this citation" confirms it. That is the whole trap.
  4. Quotations come from the original document, verbatim, with a locator: page, timestamp or archive URL. Famous is a risk factor, not evidence.
  5. Numbers carry their unit, their date, and a source that states them rather than one we derived them from.
No record, no sentence.

A load bearing claim is any date, name, number, quote, attribution or causal statement a reader could check. Colour and atmosphere are not claims. "The room was loud" is fine. "The room held eighteen women" is a claim, and a claim needs a record.

We cite only what we have actually opened and read the relevant passage of. The signature failure of AI assisted non fiction is not inventing sources. It is inventing locators inside real ones: a genuine book, a genuine author, a page number that says nothing of the kind. That survives every check that only asks whether a source exists. So each record stores the quoted passage itself, not just the pointer. A page number with no transcribed text behind it does not count as verified, however plausible the citation looks.

Sources are drawn from a fixed shelf rather than hunted per claim. Per claim hunting is how a book ends up with sixty citations of wildly uneven quality, and it is also how a model ends up citing something it half remembers. Anything outside the shelf can be used, but it gets added to the shelf first, with a note on why the existing one could not carry the claim.

How to read a row

Tier is what a source is. Status is how far we got with it.

Tier

P Primary
The original paper, the scanned manual, the archived memo, an oral history transcript, contemporaneous press.
S Scholarly secondary
Peer reviewed history of computing, a university press book, IEEE Annals.
J Journalism
Contemporaneous or reputable retrospective. Counts as independent only where it names its own sources.

Wikipedia, blogs, forum threads, aggregator posts and model recall are never sources. They are used as leads and then chased to the document itself, which is what appears here.

Status

verified
A record level cold pass has been run against the original document.
summarized
The document was opened and the relevant passages transcribed with locators. It has not yet had its own cold pass.
gathered
The document was obtained and filed. Transcription is not complete.
disputed
The record documents a myth or an open contradiction. It is filed as disputed on purpose, not because it is believed to be wrong.

The numbers

What these numbers do and do not say

A record is a document somebody opened and transcribed. It is not a verified claim, and the two counts are far apart. Most of this corpus is at status summarized: read, transcribed, filed with locators, but not yet put through its own cold second pass. The verified count below is the honest one and it is small.

Corroboration is also a separate question from record count. Whether a given claim has two genuinely independent records standing behind it is decided claim by claim in the book's claim ledgers, not by counting rows on this page. A large corpus is not an argument. It is only the material an argument can be checked against.

The whole corpus

622

record files on disk, including the author's own material, our analysis notes and consolidation stubs. This is the figure the book quotes.

By status
summarized 472
verified 65
gathered 38
disputed 26
superseded 21

Published on this page

544

third party bibliography only. 78 records are held back for the reasons given below.

By status
summarized 449
verified 61
gathered 23
disputed 11
By tier
Primary 494
Scholarly secondary 38
Journalism 12

Generated from the corpus on 2026-08-06 by scripts/gen-guide-data.mjs. Nothing on this page is counted by hand.

What is held back

What is not on this page

This is a public list, so it carries third party bibliography and nothing else. Four things are held back, and none of them are held back because they are weak.

  • The author's own origin material. One era of the corpus holds his own dictated recollection, his record, and personal detail about people in his life. None of it is published here. Some of those records are ordinary scholarship and would be publishable one at a time. Deciding that one at a time is the judgement call that goes wrong once, so the whole era is held back.
  • Interview transcripts and the authorship record. The book keeps a provenance file per chapter, written at the time. It contains his verbatim words, family detail and employer detail. It is not bibliography and it is not published.
  • Our own analysis records. Myth registers, findings and synthesis notes are documents we wrote, not documents somebody else wrote. They belong in the book, not in its bibliography.
  • Consolidation stubs. Where the same document was filed twice and later merged, the stub still resolves inside the corpus but it was never a second source, so it is not listed as one.

The people

A note on the people in the book

The seven figures who carry the eras are real, and everything said about them is sourced to the records on this page. Where the record shows one of them handling the moment badly, the book shows that.

The moderns who argue with the narrator are not sources. They are drawn from life with names, locations and identifying detail changed, and they exist to voice the argument the reader is already having with themselves. Not one sentence of history rests on them. If one of them says something about the past, it is either carried by a record listed here or it is marked in the text as the character being wrong.

The narrator is named and his own record is his own. It is meant to be findable and checkable, and it is deliberately not dressed up.

No character in this book carries a sourced claim.

The list

The records

Grouped by era, in corpus order. Where the document is public, the title links to it. Records are shown with the tier and status they carry in the corpus today, including the ones that are not finished.

E01 1830s-1890s Analytical Engine, Lovelace, the first program 21 records

  1. Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage ... with notes upon the Memoir by the Translator, Ada Augusta, Countess of Lovelace

    L. F. Menabrea; translated with notes by Ada Augusta, Countess of Lovelace

    Scientific Memoirs, Selected from the Transactions of Foreign Academies of Science and from Foreign Journals, Vol. III (Richard Taylor, London), pp. 666-731

    P 1843 summarized E01-a01-menabrea-lovelace-sketch

  2. Scientific Memoirs, Selected from the Transactions of Foreign Academies of Science and Learned Societies and from Foreign Journals, Vol. III, page scan (Article XXIX, pp. 666-731)

    Richard Taylor (ed.); article by L. F. Menabrea, trans. and annotated by Ada Augusta, Countess of Lovelace

    Richard Taylor, London

    P 1843 summarized E01-a02-scientific-memoirs-vol3-scan

  3. A Letter to Sir Humphry Davy, Bart., President of the Royal Society, etc. etc., on the Application of Machinery to the Purpose of Calculating and Printing Mathematical Tables

    Charles Babbage

    London: J. Booth / Baldwin, Cradock and Joy (pamphlet)

    P 1822 summarized E01-a03-babbage-1822-davy-letter

  4. On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures

    Charles Babbage

    London: Charles Knight

    P 1832 summarized E01-a04-babbage-1832-economy-of-machinery

  5. Passages from the Life of a Philosopher

    Charles Babbage

    London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green

    P 1864 summarized E01-a05-babbage-1864-passages

  6. Report of the Committee ... appointed to consider the advisability and to estimate the expense of constructing Mr. Babbage's Analytical Machine, and of printing Tables by its means

    C. W. Merrifield (drafter), for a committee including Cayley, Farr, Glaisher, Pole, Fuller, Kennedy and Clifford

    Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1878

    P 1878 summarized E01-a06-baas-1878-committee-report

  7. The Analytical Engine

    Major-General H. P. Babbage

    Proceedings of the British Association, 1888; paper read at Bath, 12 September 1888

    P 1888 summarized E01-a07-hp-babbage-1888-analytical-engine

  8. Babbage's Analytical Engine

    Major-General H. P. Babbage

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 70, 517-526, plus errata at p. 645

    P 1910 gathered E01-a08-hp-babbage-1910-mnras

  9. The Little Engines that Could've: The Calculating Machines of Charles Babbage (PhD thesis, Harvard, Department of History of Science)

    Bruce Collier

    Harvard University PhD thesis, August 1970

    S 1970 summarized E01-a201-collier-1970-little-engines-thesis

  10. The Lovelace-De Morgan mathematical correspondence: A critical re-appraisal

    Christopher Hollings, Ursula Martin, Adrian Rice

    Historia Mathematica 44, no. 3 (2017), pp. 202-231. DOI:10.1016/j.hm.2017.04.001

    S 2017 summarized E01-a202-hollings-martin-rice-lovelace-de-morgan

  11. The early mathematical education of Ada Lovelace

    Christopher Hollings, Ursula Martin, Adrian Rice

    BSHM Bulletin: Journal of the British Society for the History of Mathematics 32, no. 3 (2017), pp. 221-234. DOI:10.1080/17498430.2017.1325297

    S 2017 summarized E01-a203-hollings-martin-rice-early-education

  12. Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelace, and the Bernoulli Numbers

    Thomas J. Misa

    Chapter in Robin Hammerman and Andrew L. Russell (eds), Ada's Legacy: Cultures of Computing from the Victorian to the Digital Age (ACM Books, 2015). DOI:10.1145/2809523.2809527

    S 2015 summarized E01-a204-misa-babbage-lovelace-bernoulli

  13. The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise. A Fragment

    Charles Babbage

    London: John Murray (2nd edition, 1838)

    P 1837 summarized E01-a206-babbage-1837-ninth-bridgewater

  14. Memoir of Augustus De Morgan, by his wife Sophia Elizabeth De Morgan, with Selections from his Letters

    Sophia Elizabeth De Morgan

    London: Longmans, Green, and Co.

    P 1882 summarized E01-a207-sophia-de-morgan-memoir-1882

  15. Babbage's Calculating Engine (Edinburgh Review, July 1834, No. CXX, Art. I)

    Dionysius Lardner (published anonymously)

    Edinburgh Review No. CXX, July 1834

    P 1834 summarized E01-a208-lardner-1834-edinburgh-review

  16. Statement of the circumstances attending the Invention and Construction of Mr. Babbage's Calculating Engines

    Charles Babbage (issued anonymously, 'from authority')

    Philosophical Magazine, September 1843, p. 235

    P 1843 summarized E01-a209-babbage-1843-statement-of-circumstances

  17. Address of Henry Thomas Colebrooke, Esq., F.R.S., President of the Astronomical Society of London, on Presenting the Gold Medal to Charles Babbage, Esq., F.R.S.

    Henry Thomas Colebrooke

    Astronomical Society of London, medal awarded 13 July 1823; Memoirs of the Astronomical Society

    P 1823 summarized E01-a210-colebrooke-1823-gold-medal-address

  18. Report of the Committee appointed by the Council of the Royal Society to consider the subject referred to in Mr. Stewart's Letter relative to Mr. Babbage's Calculating Engine, and to Report thereon; with the Minutes of Council of 12 February 1829

    Committee of the Royal Society: the President and Secretaries, J. F. W. Herschel, Henry Warburton, Francis Baily, John Barton (Comptroller of the Mint), Marc Brunel, Bryan Donkin, John Penn, George Rennie

    Royal Society, February 1829

    P 1829 summarized E01-a211-royal-society-1829-committee-report

  19. Analytical Engine: Catalogue of Notations; Classed Catalogue of the Notations; Catalogue of the Drawings; List of other Drawings; List of Scribbling Books

    Henry Prevost Babbage (compiler), from Charles Babbage's own notations, drawings and notebooks

    pp. 271-297 of Babbage's Calculating Engines, ed. Henry P. Babbage (London: E. & F. N. Spon, 1889)

    P 1889 summarized E01-a212-analytical-engine-catalogues-1889

  20. Lettre de M. Menabrea au Directeur de Cosmos (Letter of General Menabrea to the Editor of Cosmos, 20 April 1855)

    Luigi Federico Menabrea

    Cosmos, tome vi, 20 April 1855

    P 1855 summarized E01-a213-menabrea-1855-cosmos-letter

  21. Note on the Application of Machinery to the Computation of Astronomical and Mathematical Tables

    Charles Babbage

    Read to the Astronomical Society of London, 14 June 1822; Memoirs of the Astronomical Society of London

    P 1822 summarized E01-a214-babbage-1822-astronomical-society-note

E02 1890-1935 Punched cards, tabulating machines, Hollerith, the human "computers" 22 records

  1. Art of Compiling Statistics, United States Letters Patent No. 395,782

    Herman Hollerith

    United States Patent Office, granted 8 January 1889 (original application filed 23 September 1884)

    P 1889 summarized E02-a10-hollerith-patent-395782

  2. Apparatus for Compiling Statistics, United States Letters Patent No. 395,783

    Herman Hollerith

    United States Patent Office, granted 8 January 1889 (application filed 23 September 1884)

    P 1889 summarized E02-a11-hollerith-patent-395783

  3. The Electrical Tabulating Machine

    Herman Hollerith

    Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. LVII (1894), pp. 678-682; read before the Royal Statistical Society, 4 December 1894

    P 1894 summarized E02-a13-hollerith-1894-rss-paper

  4. The Eleventh United States Census

    Hon. Robert P. Porter, Superintendent of the Eleventh Census

    Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. LVII (1894), pp. 643-677; read before the Royal Statistical Society, 4 December 1894

    P 1894 summarized E02-a14-porter-1894-eleventh-census

  5. Discussion on Mr. Porter's and Dr. Hollerith's Papers

    Royal Statistical Society

    Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. LVII (1894), pp. 682-689; meeting of 4 December 1894

    P 1894 summarized E02-a15-rss-1894-discussion

  6. A Field for Woman's Work in Astronomy

    Mrs. M. Fleming (Williamina Paton Fleming)

    Astronomy and Astro-Physics, Vol. XII, No. 8 (October 1893), pp. 683-689; read at the Congress of Astronomy and Astro-Physics, Chicago, August 1893

    P 1893 summarized E02-a16-fleming-1893-womans-work

  7. The Application of the Hollerith Tabulating Machine to Brown's Tables of the Moon

    L. J. Comrie, M.A., Ph.D.

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 92, No. 7 (May 1932), pp. 694-701

    P 1932 gathered E02-a17-comrie-1932-hollerith-moon

  8. The American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac for the Year 1903, 'the computer must use his own judgment'

    United States Nautical Almanac Office, Bureau of Equipment, Navy Department

    Washington: Bureau of Equipment, 1900 (volume is for the year 1903)

    P 1900 gathered E02-a18-american-ephemeris-1903-computer

  9. An Electric Tabulating System

    H. Hollerith

    The School of Mines Quarterly (Columbia College), Vol. X, No. 3 (April 1889), pp. 238-255

    P 1889 verified E02-a301-hollerith-1889-columbia-thesis

  10. The Census of the United States

    unsigned staff report, Scientific American

    Scientific American, Vol. LXIII No. 9 (New York, Saturday, 30 August 1890), p. 132

    P 1890 verified E02-a302-scientific-american-1890-census

  11. On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, Chapter XIX, 'On the Division of Mental Labour'

    Charles Babbage

    London, first edition 1832 (title page reads 1832; the Internet Archive item metadata says 1831). Chapter XIX, pp. 153-159

    P 1832 verified E02-a303-babbage-1832-division-mental-labour

  12. The New York Mathematics Tables Project

    Raymond Clare Archibald (Brown University)

    Science, new series, Vol. 96, No. 2491 (25 September 1942), pp. 294-296, 'Discussion' section

    P 1942 verified E02-a304-archibald-1942-nymtp-science

  13. Notes and reviews on the New York Mathematical Tables Project, in the first issue of the first computing journal

    R. C. Archibald (signed 'R. C. A.') and C. A., in Mathematical Tables and other Aids to Computation, Vol. 1, No. 1

    Mathematical Tables and other Aids to Computation, Vol. 1, No. 1 (January 1943), notes at pp. 29-30 and review item 81[D] at pp. 25-26

    P 1943 verified E02-a305-mtac-1943-nymtp-termination

  14. Official Register of the United States, 1 July 1899, 'Computers on Piecework', Nautical Almanac Office

    United States Civil Service Commission / Department of the Interior (compiler)

    Official Register of the United States, containing a list of officers and employees in the civil, military and naval service, Vol. 1 (Washington, 1 July 1899), Navy Department section, p. 701

    P 1899 verified E02-a306-official-register-1899-computers-piecework

  15. The Scope and Method of the Federal Census

    William C. Hunt (Census Office)

    In *The Federal Census: Critical Essays by Members of the American Economic Association*, Publications of the American Economic Association, New Series No. 2 (New York, 1899), pp. 466-494

    P 1899 verified E02-a307-hunt-1899-scope-method-federal-census

  16. Negative finding: Scientific American, 23 August 1890 (Vol. LXIII No. 8) carries no account of the census machinery

    Scientific American (unsigned staff content)

    Scientific American, Vol. LXIII No. 8 (New York, Saturday, 23 August 1890)

    P 1890 verified E02-a308-scientific-american-1890-08-23-negative

  17. The Application of Commercial Calculating Machines to Scientific Computing

    L. J. Comrie (Scientific Computing Service Ltd., London)

    Mathematical Tables and other Aids to Computation, Vol. 2, No. 16 (October 1946), pp. 149-159

    P 1946 verified E02-a309-comrie-1946-commercial-calculating-machines

  18. Report of the Astronomer Royal to the Board of Visitors of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, read at the Annual Visitation 2 June 1883

    W. H. M. Christie, Astronomer Royal

    Royal Observatory, Greenwich; report dated 21 May 1883, read 2 June 1883; section VIII 'Personal Establishment', pp. 17-18, and section IX 'General Remarks', p. 19

    P 1883 verified E02-a310-christie-1883-greenwich-computers

  19. Measuring America: The Decennial Censuses From 1790 to 2000, what the Census Bureau's own history does and does not claim for Hollerith

    Jason G. Gauthier, for the U.S. Census Bureau, Economics and Statistics Administration

    U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington DC, April 2002, 150 pp.; the Hollerith passage is in the chapter on the 1890 census (the surrounding OCR page marks read 125 and '1890.')

    S 2002 verified E02-a311-census-bureau-2002-measuring-america

  20. 'The Observatory', Director's report in the Annual Report of the President of Harvard University for 1903-04

    Edward C. Pickering, Director of the Astronomical Observatory of Harvard College

    Annual Report of the President of Harvard University to the Overseers, for the academic year 1903-04 (Cambridge, published 1905), section 'The Observatory', pp. 264-267

    P 1905 verified E02-a312-pickering-1904-harvard-computers

  21. The Reminiscences of an Astronomer

    Simon Newcomb

    Boston and New York, 1903 (Houghton, Mifflin

    P 1903 verified E02-a313-newcomb-1903-reminiscences

  22. Report of the Superintendent of the Census, December 1, 1851, the census office before machines

    J. C. G. Kennedy, Superintendent of the Census (report signed from the Census Office, Washington, 1 December 1851)

    Report of the Superintendent of the Census, December 1, 1851, pp. 125-126, printed in the compilation of the Seventh Census

    P 1851 verified E02-a314-census-1851-superintendent-report

E03 1936-1945 Turing 1936, Zuse, Colossus, Harvard Mark I, ENIAC construction 21 records

  1. On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem

    A. M. Turing

    Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, series 2, vol. 42, pp. 230-265 (received 28 May 1936, read 12 November 1936)

    P 1936 summarized E03-b01-turing-1936-computable-numbers

  2. General Report on Tunny, with Emphasis on Statistical Methods, Part 5, Machines (chapters 51-53)

    I. J. Good, D. Michie, G. Timms

    Government Code and Cypher School, Bletchley Park; declassified 2000; UK Public Record Office HW 25/4-5. Digital facsimile at AlanTuring.net

    P 1945 summarized E03-b02-general-report-tunny-colossus

  3. General Report on Tunny, with Emphasis on Statistical Methods, Part 3, chapter 31 'Mr Newman's Section'

    I. J. Good, D. Michie, G. Timms

    Government Code and Cypher School, Bletchley Park; declassified 2000; UK Public Record Office HW 25/4-5. Digital facsimile at AlanTuring.net

    P 1945 summarized E03-b03-general-report-tunny-newmanry-wrens

  4. When Computers Were Women

    Jennifer S. Light

    Technology and Culture, Vol. 40, No. 3 (Jul. 1999), pp. 455-483. Johns Hopkins University Press / Society for the History of Technology

    S 1999 summarized E03-b04-light-1999-when-computers-were-women

  5. Historical Reflections, Innovators Assemble: Ada Lovelace, Walter Isaacson, and the Superheroines of Computing

    Thomas Haigh and Mark Priestley

    Communications of the ACM 58, no. 9 (September 2015), pp. 20-27. DOI:10.1145/2804228

    S 2015 summarized E03-b05-haigh-priestley-innovators-assemble

  6. Colossus and Programmability (preprint of the IEEE Annals article)

    Thomas Haigh and Mark Priestley

    IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 40, no. 4 (Oct-Dec 2018): 5-27; preprint hosted by the authors

    S 2018 summarized E03-b06-haigh-priestley-colossus-programmability

  7. Contextualizing Colossus: Codebreaking Technology and Institutional Capabilities (preprint)

    Thomas Haigh and Mark Priestley

    Technology and Culture, July 2020 issue; preprint hosted by the authors

    S 2020 summarized E03-b07-haigh-priestley-contextualizing-colossus

  8. Historical Reflections, Actually, Turing Did Not Invent the Computer

    Thomas Haigh

    Communications of the ACM 57, no. 1 (January 2014), pp. 36-41. DOI:10.1145/2542504

    S 2014 summarized E03-b08-haigh-turing-did-not-invent-the-computer

  9. A Survey of ENIAC Operations and Problems: 1946-1952 (BRL Memorandum Report No. 617)

    W. Barkley Fritz

    Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., Memorandum Report No. 617, August 1952 (Ordnance Corps). DTIC AD1003735

    P 1952 summarized E03-b09-fritz-1952-eniac-operations-survey

  10. A Logical Coding System Applied to the ENIAC (BRL Report No. 673)

    R. F. Clippinger

    Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., Report No. 673, 30 July 1948. DTIC ADB205179

    P 1948 summarized E03-b10-clippinger-1948-logical-coding-system-eniac

  11. Report on the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), Volume 1: ENIAC Operating Manual

    Arthur W. Burks and Harry D. Huskey (Operating Manual volume); five-volume report also credited to Adele K. Goldstine (Technical Description volumes)

    Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 1 June 1946. Report of work under Contract No. W-670-ORD-4926 with the Ordnance Department, United States Army

    P 1946 gathered E03-b11-eniac-operating-manual-1946

  12. A Manual of Operation for the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard University, Volume I)

    The Staff of the Computation Laboratory, with a foreword by James Bryant Conant; preface signed Howard H. Aiken

    Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1946

    P 1946 summarized E03-b12-harvard-mark1-manual-1946

  13. The 'Plankalkül' of Konrad Zuse: A Forerunner of Today's Programming Languages

    F. L. Bauer and H. Wössner

    Communications of the ACM 15, no. 7 (July 1972), pp. 678-685

    S 1972 summarized E03-b13-bauer-woessner-plankalkuel-1972

  14. The Z1: Architecture and Algorithms of Konrad Zuse's First Computer

    Raúl Rojas

    arXiv:1406.1886 (v1 June 2014; v2 July 2025; v3 August 2025). Freie Universität Berlin

    S 2014 summarized E03-b14-rojas-z1-architecture

  15. Computing Machine for the Solution of Large Systems of Linear Algebraic Equations

    John V. Atanasoff

    Typescript, Iowa State College; digitised by Iowa State University Library Special Collections (John Vincent Atanasoff papers). Reprinted in B. Randell (ed.), The Origins of Digital Computers

    P 1940 summarized E03-b15-atanasoff-1940-computing-machine

  16. Oral History of Jean Bartik, interviewed by Gardner Hendrie

    Jean Bartik (interviewee); Gardner Hendrie (interviewer)

    Computer History Museum, recorded 1 July 2008, Oaklyn, New Jersey. CHM Reference number X4596.2008

    P 2008 verified E03-b16-bartik-chm-oral-history-2008

  17. General Report on Tunny, Part 7, chapter 74 'Chronology' (pp. 456-461+)

    I. J. Good, D. Michie, G. Timms

    Government Code and Cypher School, Bletchley Park; declassified 2000; UK Public Record Office HW 25/4-5. Digital facsimile at AlanTuring.net

    P 1945 summarized E03-b17-general-report-tunny-chronology

  18. On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem. A Correction

    A. M. Turing

    Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, series 2, vol. 43 (1937), pp. 544-546

    P 1937 summarized E03-b18-turing-1937-correction

  19. Description of the ENIAC and Comments on Electronic Digital Computing Machines (AMP Report 171.2R)

    J. P. Eckert, Jr., J. W. Mauchly, H. H. Goldstine, J. G. Brainerd

    Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 30 November 1945; distributed by the Applied Mathematics Panel, National Defense Research Committee. Originally RESTRICTED. DTIC AD0498867

    P 1945 summarized E03-b19-amp-171-2r-description-of-eniac-1945

  20. U.S. Army recruitment advertisement: 'How much is ∛2589¹⁶?' / 'The Army's ENIAC can give you the answer in a fraction of a second!'

    United States Army (advertiser); published in Popular Science Monthly

    Popular Science Monthly, October 1946, Vol. 149 No. 4, p. 212

    P 1946 summarized E03-b20-us-army-eniac-recruitment-ad-1946

  21. Popular Science Monthly, April 1946: editorial 'Are We Mathematically Illiterate?' and feature 'Equations That Spell Progress Are Solved by Electronics'

    Perry Githens (editorial); feature unsigned in the text read

    Popular Science Monthly, April 1946, Vol. 148 No. 4 (editorial at p. 7; ENIAC feature at pp. 83ff.)

    P 1946 summarized E03-b21-popular-science-april-1946-eniac

E04 1945-1950 Stored program: EDVAC draft, Baby, EDSAC, the first programs actually run 37 records

  1. First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC

    John von Neumann (Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania)

    Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania; Contract W-670-ORD-4926 with the US Army Ordnance Department. Consulted here in (a) the Godfrey-edited reprint scanned at the Internet Archive and (b) an independently typeset reprint of the opening sections.

    P 1945 summarized E04-c01-von-neumann-first-draft-edvac

  2. Proposed Electronic Calculator (report to the Executive Committee of the National Physical Laboratory on the Automatic Computing Engine)

    Alan M. Turing

    National Physical Laboratory, Teddington (Mathematics Division). Scan of the typescript, 49 pp.

    P 1945 summarized E04-c02-turing-proposed-electronic-calculator

  3. Planning and Coding of Problems for an Electronic Computing Instrument. Report on the Mathematical and Logical Aspects of an Electronic Computing Instrument, Part II, Volumes I-III

    Herman H. Goldstine and John von Neumann

    Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey (IAS Electronic Computer Project reports nos. 4, 8, 11). Digitised by the IAS Library, 194 pp.

    P 1947 summarized E04-c03-goldstine-von-neumann-planning-and-coding

  4. The University of Manchester Computing Machine (Chapter 6 of Faster Than Thought)

    T. Kilburn (Senior Lecturer, Electrical Engineering Dept., Manchester University) and F. C. Williams (Professor of Electrical Engineering and Director of the Royal Society Computing Laboratory, Manchester University)

    In B. V. Bowden (ed.), Faster Than Thought: A Symposium on Digital Computing Machines, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, London, 1953, pp. 117 ff.

    P 1953 summarized E04-c09-kilburn-williams-manchester-machine-1953

  5. Calculating Machine Development at Cambridge (Chapter 7 of Faster Than Thought)

    M. V. Wilkes (Director of the University Mathematical Laboratory, Cambridge)

    In B. V. Bowden (ed.), Faster Than Thought: A Symposium on Digital Computing Machines, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, London, 1953, pp. 130 ff.

    P 1953 summarized E04-c10-wilkes-edsac-cambridge-1953

  6. Early British Computers: The story of vintage computers and the people who built them

    Simon H. Lavington

    Manchester University Press / Digital Press, 1980. Open scan at the Internet Archive.

    S 1980 summarized E04-c11-lavington-early-british-computers

  7. The Manchester Small Scale Experimental Machine, 'The Baby' (Background; Specification) and 'The First Program'

    University of Manchester Department / School of Computer Science; pages credited on the site to Dr Brian Napper (site editor), drawing on Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill

    computer50.org, the University of Manchester's 50th-anniversary Mark 1 site, now archived at curation.cs.manchester.ac.uk. Pages carry 'Copyright The University of Manchester 1998, 1999, 2000'.

    S 1998 disputed E04-c12-computer50-manchester-baby-first-program

  8. Digital Computer Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 1 (NAVEXOS P-645)

    Office of Naval Research, Mathematical Sciences Division

    Office of Naval Research, Mathematical Sciences Division, 21 April 1949. 4 pp. Scanned at bitsavers.org; the scanned copy carries a DDC receipt stamp dated OCT 16 1969 and a Clearinghouse reproduction notice.

    P 1949 summarized E04-c14-onr-digital-computer-newsletter-v1n1-1949

  9. Automatic High-Speed Computing: A Progress Report on the EDVAC. Report of Work under Contract No. W-670-ORD-4926, Supplement No. 4

    J. Presper Eckert, Jr. and John W. Mauchly (Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania)

    Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, for the Ordnance Department, United States Army. Dated 30 September 1945. Originally classified CONFIDENTIAL (the stamp is visible on the scan). Scanned typescript, ~130 pp.

    P 1945 summarized E04-c21-eckert-mauchly-edvac-progress-report-1945

  10. Preliminary Discussion of the Logical Design of an Electronic Computing Instrument

    Arthur W. Burks, Herman H. Goldstine and John von Neumann

    Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, 28 June 1946. Report prepared under Contract W-36-034-ORD-7481 between the Research and Development Service, Ordnance Department, U.S. Army and the Institute for Advanced Study. Digitised by the IAS Library; 58-page scan.

    P 1946 summarized E04-c22-burks-goldstine-vonneumann-preliminary-discussion-1946

  11. The EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)

    M. V. Wilkes and W. Renwick (The University Mathematical Laboratory, Cambridge, England)

    Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation (MTAC), vol. 4, no. 30 (April 1950), pp. 61-65. Published by the American Mathematical Society; the whole pre-1990 MTAC/Math. Comp. archive is free at ams.org.

    P 1950 summarized E04-c23-wilkes-renwick-edsac-mtac-1950

  12. The Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer, with special reference to the EDSAC and the use of a library of subroutines (Second Edition)

    M. V. Wilkes, D. J. Wheeler and Stanley Gill (University Mathematical Laboratory, Cambridge)

    Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Copyright 1951, 1957; the scanned copy is the second edition, second printing, December 1957. Preface signed Cambridge, England, August 1957. First edition 1951.

    P 1957 summarized E04-c24-wilkes-wheeler-gill-preparation-of-programs

  13. Programmers' Handbook (2nd Edition) for the Manchester Electronic Computer Mark II

    A. M. Turing, revised R. A. Brooker

    University of Manchester Computing Machine Laboratory. Second edition, October 1952. HTML transcription hosted on the University of Manchester's computer50 site (the 50th-anniversary Mark 1 archive), now under curation.cs.manchester.ac.uk; the mirrored page carries an HTTrack banner dated 5 June 2014.

    P 1952 summarized E04-c25-turing-programmers-handbook-manchester-mark-ii

  14. Electronic Digital Computers (Letter)

    F. C. Williams and T. Kilburn (Royal Society Computing Machine Laboratory, University of Manchester)

    Nature, vol. 162, p. 487, published 25 September 1948. Letter.

    P 1948 summarized E04-c26-williams-kilburn-nature-1948

  15. Reconsidering the Stored-Program Concept

    Thomas Haigh (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee), Mark Priestley and Crispin Rope

    IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 36, no. 1 (January-March 2014), pp. 4-17. First of a three-part series. Author's copy hosted openly by Thomas Haigh.

    S 2014 summarized E04-c27-haigh-priestley-rope-reconsidering-stored-program

  16. Los Alamos Bets on ENIAC: Nuclear Monte Carlo Simulations, 1947-1948

    Thomas Haigh (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee), Mark Priestley and Crispin Rope

    IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 36, no. 3 (July-September 2014), pp. 42-63. Third of a three-part series. Author's copy hosted openly by Thomas Haigh.

    S 2014 summarized E04-c28-haigh-priestley-rope-los-alamos-bets-on-eniac

  17. Edsac: A Tutorial Guide to the Warwick University EDSAC Simulator

    Martin Campbell-Kelly (Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick)

    Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. Copyright Martin Campbell-Kelly, 1990-95; revised December 1995. 40 pp. Scanned/PDF copy at the Internet Archive.

    S 1995 summarized E04-c29-campbell-kelly-edsac-tutorial-guide

  18. Programming for High-Speed Digital Calculating Machines (Chapter 5 of Faster Than Thought)

    J. M. Bennett (Ferranti Ltd., Moston, Manchester) and A. E. Glennie (Research Establishment, Fort Halstead)

    In B. V. Bowden (ed.), Faster Than Thought: A Symposium on Digital Computing Machines, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, London, 1953, pp. 101-113. Chapter attribution taken from the book's own List of Contributors, p. xv.

    P 1953 summarized E04-c30-bennett-glennie-programming-faster-than-thought

  19. The Construction, Performance and Maintenance of Digital Computers (Chapter 4 of Faster Than Thought)

    B. V. Bowden (Ferranti Ltd., Moston, Manchester)

    In B. V. Bowden (ed.), Faster Than Thought: A Symposium on Digital Computing Machines, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, London, 1953, pp. 78-100. Chapter attribution from the book's List of Contributors, p. xv ('Dr. B. V. Bowden ... Chapters 1-4, 14, 22, 25, 26').

    P 1953 summarized E04-c31-bowden-construction-performance-maintenance

  20. Lecture to the London Mathematical Society on 20 February 1947

    A. M. Turing

    Lecture delivered 20 February 1947, on the Automatic Computing Engine then being designed at the National Physical Laboratory. Unpublished in Turing's lifetime; first printed in B. E. Carpenter and R. W. Doran (eds.), A.M. Turing's ACE Report of 1946 and Other Papers, MIT Press, 1986. The copy I read is a re-typeset transcription hosted as course material by Prof. Dr. Eberhard von Goldammer (seminarTEXT, SS 2000), 14 pp.

    S 1947 gathered E04-c32-turing-lms-lecture-1947

  21. Engineering 'The Miracle of the ENIAC': Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm

    Thomas Haigh (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee), Mark Priestley and Crispin Rope

    IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 36, no. 2 (April-June 2014), pp. 41-59. Second of a three-part series. Published version hosted openly at eniacinaction.com (the authors' project site).

    S 2014 summarized E04-c33-haigh-priestley-rope-miracle-of-the-eniac

  22. EDSAC 1 and after - a compilation of personal reminiscences

    Edited by David Hartley; contributions by Durward Cruickshank, Edsger Dijkstra, Dick Grimsdale, D. H. Shinn, Peter Wegner, John Bennett, Jenifer Leech (Haselgrove), Leonard Dresel, Robin Stokes and others

    University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, EDSAC 99 fiftieth anniversary

    P 1999 summarized E04-p101-edsac99-reminiscences

  23. A brief informal history of the Computer Laboratory

    Compiled by Karen Sparck Jones, using material from the University Reporter and from Maurice Wilkes, David Wheeler, Roger Needham, David Hartley and Brian Westwood

    University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, EDSAC 99

    P 1999 summarized E04-p102-sparck-jones-computer-laboratory-history

  24. An Interview with David J. Wheeler (OH 132)

    David J. Wheeler, interviewed by William Aspray

    Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota

    P 1987 summarized E04-p103-wheeler-cbi-oral-history-1987

  25. Oral history interview with Edsger W. Dijkstra (OH 330)

    Edsger W. Dijkstra, interviewed by Philip L. Frana

    Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota

    P 2001 summarized E04-p104-dijkstra-cbi-oral-history-2001

  26. Ethel C. Marden Interview (OH 66)

    Ethel C. Marden, interviewed by William Aspray

    Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota

    P 1983 summarized E04-p105-marden-cbi-oral-history-1983

  27. Oral history interview with Alexandra Forsythe (OH 15)

    Alexandra Forsythe, interviewed by Pamela McCorduck

    Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota

    P 1979 summarized E04-p106-forsythe-cbi-oral-history-1979

  28. Oral history interview with Douglas T. Ross (OH 74)

    Douglas T. Ross, interviewed by William Aspray

    Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota

    P 1984 summarized E04-p107-ross-cbi-oral-history-1984

  29. Oral history interview with Marvin L. Stein (OH 90)

    Marvin L. Stein, interviewed by William Aspray

    Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota

    P 1984 summarized E04-p108-stein-cbi-oral-history-1984

  30. Frances E. Holberton Interview (OH 50)

    Frances E. (Betty) Holberton, interviewed by James Ross

    Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota

    P 1983 verified E04-p109-holberton-cbi-oral-history-1983

  31. Oral history interview with John M. M. Pinkerton (OH 149)

    John M. M. Pinkerton, interviewed by (written responses to) William Aspray

    Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota

    P 1988 summarized E04-p110-pinkerton-cbi-oral-history-1988

  32. Safety in Numbers: Creating and Contesting the Los Alamos Approach to Supercomputing, 1943 to 1980

    Nicholas Lewis

    PhD dissertation, University of Minnesota (deposited in the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy)

    S 2019 summarized E04-p111-lewis-safety-in-numbers-los-alamos

  33. UNIVAC conference (OH 200), Smithsonian Institution, 17-18 May 1990

    Participants including Cecil Shuler, Jules Chinitz, Frank Danehower and others; moderated by Bernard A. Galler

    Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota / Smithsonian Institution

    P 1990 summarized E04-p112-univac-conference-cbi-1990

  34. Oral history interview with Margaret R. Fox (OH 74)

    Margaret R. Fox, interviewed by James Ross

    Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota

    P 1983 summarized E04-p113-fox-cbi-oral-history-1983

  35. Oral history interview with Robert V. D. Campbell (OH 67)

    Robert V. D. Campbell, interviewed by William Aspray

    Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota

    P 1984 summarized E04-p114-rvcampbell-cbi-oral-history-1984

  36. Oral history interview with Herman H. Goldstine (OH 18)

    Herman H. Goldstine, interviewed by Nancy Stern

    Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota

    P 1980 summarized E04-p115-goldstine-cbi-oral-history-1980

  37. Oral history interview with Friedrich L. Bauer (OH 128)

    Friedrich L. Bauer, interviewed by William Aspray

    Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota

    P 1987 summarized E04-p116-bauer-cbi-oral-history-1987

E05 1949-1956 Assembly, symbolic addressing, subroutine libraries, the first "tools" 11 records

  1. SOAP II Programmer's Guide (IBM 650 Data Processing System, Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program), form 24-4000-0

    International Business Machines Corporation

    IBM Applied Programming publication, form 24-4000-0. Scanned at bitsavers.org, 98 pp.

    P 1957 summarized E05-c05-ibm-soap-ii-symbolic-assembly

  2. Whirlwind Subroutine Specification sheets (MIT Digital Computer Laboratory library subroutines, LSR series)

    Digital Computer Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    MIT Digital Computer Laboratory internal document set, scanned at bitsavers.org as 'Subroutines.pdf', 65 pp. Individual sheets carry DL- drawing numbers (e.g. DL-292).

    P 1953 gathered E05-c06-whirlwind-subroutine-specifications

  3. A Survey of Automatic Coding Techniques for Digital Computers

    John L. Jones (thesis supervisor: Charles W. Adams)

    S.M. thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, submitted 24 May 1954. 52 pp. Scanned in the bitsavers MIT Whirlwind / Summer Session 1954 collection.

    P 1954 summarized E05-c07-jones-survey-automatic-coding-1954

  4. Faster Than Thought: A Symposium on Digital Computing Machines

    B. V. Bowden (editor and author of Chapters 1-4, 14, 22, 25, 26); contributors include T. Kilburn and F. C. Williams (Ch. 6), M. V. Wilkes (Ch. 7), A. M. Turing (Ch. 25), J. M. Bennett and A. E. Glennie (Ch. 5), A. D. Booth (Ch. 13), Cicely M. Popplewell (Ch. 24), M. Audrey Bates (Ch. 25)

    Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, London. Foreword by the Earl of Halsbury, Managing Director of the National Research Development Corporation. Scanned from The Computer Museum Archive collection at the Internet Archive.

    P 1953 summarized E05-c08-bowden-faster-than-thought-1953

  5. Automatic Digital Computers

    M. V. Wilkes, F.R.S. (Director of the University Mathematical Laboratory, Cambridge)

    John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York; printed in Great Britain by Richard Clay and Company, Bungay, Suffolk. First published 1956. 321-page scan at the Internet Archive.

    P 1956 summarized E05-c13-wilkes-automatic-digital-computers-1956

  6. Programmers' Handbook for Manchester Electronic Computer Mark II

    A. M. Turing

    University of Manchester Computing Machine Laboratory. Page-image scan (119 pages) in The Turing Archive for the History of Computing, item M01. The scanned copy carries a handwritten ownership name and archival marks on its cover.

    P 1951 gathered E05-c15-turing-programmers-handbook-manchester

  7. First Glossary of Programming Terminology: Report to the Association for Computing Machinery

    ACM Committee on Nomenclature

    Association for Computing Machinery, June 1954, 30 pp. Sold by the ACM at 25¢ a copy from 2 East 63rd Street, New York 21, N.Y. Scanned at bitsavers.org in the MIT Whirlwind Summer Session 1954 collection.

    P 1954 summarized E05-c16-acm-first-glossary-programming-terminology-1954

  8. Digital Computers: Advanced Coding Techniques, Notes from a special summer program

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Summer Session 1954. Prepared under the direction of Charles W. Adams, S. Gill and D. Combelic, with the cooperation of the Digital Computer Laboratory of the Department of Electrical Engineering. Lecturers include Adams, Gill and Combelic.

    MIT Summer Session 1954 course notes, 91 pp. Scanned at bitsavers.org.

    P 1954 gathered E05-c17-mit-summer-session-advanced-coding-1954

  9. A Survey of Automatic Digital Computers

    Office of Naval Research (Department of the Navy)

    Office of Naval Research, 1953. 115-page scan. Distributed by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, Washington 25, D.C., 'Distributed in the Interest of Industry ... With the Cooperation of the Originating Agency'. Scanned at bitsavers.org.

    P 1953 gathered E05-c18-onr-survey-automatic-digital-computers-1953

  10. Digital Computer Newsletter, Vol. 6, No. 1 (January 1954)

    Office of Naval Research, Mathematical Sciences Division

    Office of Naval Research, Mathematical Sciences Division, January 1954. 10 pp. 'Approved by The Under Secretary of The Navy 27 August 1951'. Scanned at bitsavers.org.

    P 1954 summarized E05-c19-onr-digital-computer-newsletter-jan1954

  11. Digital Computer Newsletter, Vol. 5, No. 2 (April 1953), Aberdeen Proving Ground computers: definitions and 1952 machine-time figures

    Office of Naval Research, Mathematical Sciences Division (Aberdeen entry compiled from Ballistic Research Laboratories data)

    Office of Naval Research, Mathematical Sciences Division, April 1953. 12 pp. Scanned at bitsavers.org.

    P 1953 summarized E05-c20-onr-digital-computer-newsletter-apr1953-machine-time

E06 1952-1962 The compiler: A-0, FORTRAN, ALGOL, COBOL, the "automatic programming" fight 53 records

  1. The History of FORTRAN I, II, and III

    John Backus

    History of Programming Languages (HOPL-I), R. L. Wexelblat, ed., ACM Monograph Series / Academic Press, pp. 25-74. Paper text pp. 25-45. Originally presented at the ACM SIGPLAN History of Programming Languages Conference, Los Angeles, June 1978, and printed in ACM SIGPLAN Notices 13(8), August 1978, pp. 165-180.

    P 1981 summarized E06-d01-backus-hopl-fortran

  2. The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System

    J. W. Backus, R. J. Beeber, S. Best, R. Goldberg, L. M. Haibt, H. L. Herrick, R. A. Nelson, D. Sayre, P. B. Sheridan, H. Stern, I. Ziller, R. A. Hughes, R. Nutt

    Papers presented at the February 26-28, 1957, Western Joint Computer Conference: Techniques for Reliability, pp. 188-198

    P 1957 summarized E06-d02-fortran-wjcc-1957

  3. The Education of a Computer

    Grace Murray Hopper (Remington Rand Corp.)

    Proceedings of the 1952 ACM National Meeting (Pittsburgh), pp. 243-249. Presented at the ACM meeting, Pittsburgh, 2-3 May 1952.

    P 1952 summarized E06-d04-hopper-education-of-a-computer-1952

  4. Oral History of Captain Grace Hopper

    Grace Murray Hopper, interviewed by Angeline Pantages

    Computer History Museum, CHM Ref: X5142.2009. Interview conducted December 1980, Naval Data Automation Command, Maryland. Transcript, 54 pp.

    P 1980 summarized E06-d05-hopper-oral-history-1980

  5. Automatic Programming for Business Applications

    Grace M. Hopper, Automatic Programming Development, Remington Rand Univac Division, Sperry Rand Corporation

    Computers and Automation, Vol. 7, No. 2, February 1958, pp. 14-16. Paper originally presented at the Armour Research Foundation symposium, Chicago, 24 October 1957, reprinted with permission.

    P 1958 summarized E06-d06-hopper-automatic-programming-business-1958

  6. Automatic Coding for Digital Computers

    Dr. G. M. Hopper, Director of Programming Research, Eckert-Mauchly Division, Remington Rand

    Computers and Automation, Vol. 4, No. 9, September 1955, pp. 21-24. Paper presented at Louisiana State University, February 1955.

    P 1955 summarized E06-d07-hopper-automatic-coding-1955

  7. Use of Automatic Programming

    Walter F. Bauer, Head, Digital Computing Center, The Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation

    Computers and Automation, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 1956, pp. 6-11ff. Based on a series of lectures given at the Special Summer Session on Digital Computers, University of Michigan, 1954, 1955 and 1956.

    P 1956 summarized E06-d08-bauer-use-of-automatic-programming-1956

  8. Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60

    Peter Naur (Editor); J. W. Backus, F. L. Bauer, J. Green, C. Katz, J. McCarthy, A. J. Perlis, H. Rutishauser, K. Samelson, B. Vauquois, J. H. Wegstein, A. van Wijngaarden, M. Woodger

    Communications of the ACM, Vol. 3, No. 5, May 1960, pp. 299-314. This printing is the offprint 'with typographical corrections as of June 28, 1960'.

    P 1960 summarized E06-d09-algol-60-report

  9. COBOL: Initial Specifications for a COmmon Business Oriented Language, Report to the Conference on Data Systems Languages

    Short Range Task Force, Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL); published by the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)

    U.S. Department of Defense, April 1960. Report accepted by the CODASYL Executive Committee, 7-8 January 1960; Short Range Committee report dated 17 December 1959. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. 140 pp.

    P 1960 summarized E06-d10-cobol-initial-specifications-1960

  10. The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704 EDPM: Programmer's Reference Manual

    Applied Science Division and Programming Research Dept., International Business Machines Corporation. Working Committee: J. W. Backus, R. J. Beeber, S. Best, R. Goldberg, H. L. Herrick, R. A. Hughes (University of California Radiation Laboratory, Livermore), L. B. Mitchell, R. A. Nelson, R. Nutt (United Aircraft Corp.), D. Sayre, P. B. Sheridan, H. Stern, I. Ziller

    IBM Corporation, 15 October 1956, 51 pp.

    P 1956 summarized E06-d11-fortran-reference-manual-1956

  11. Who Are Manning the New Computers?

    John M. Breen, Washington, D.C.

    Computers and Automation, Vol. 4, No. 10, October 1955, pp. 28, 36.

    P 1955 summarized E06-d12-breen-who-are-manning-1955

  12. Programming in America in the 1950s, Some Personal Impressions

    John Backus

    In N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and Gian-Carlo Rota, eds., A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, Academic Press, New York, 1980, pp. 125-135.

    P 1980 summarized E06-d13-backus-programming-in-america-1950s

  13. Automatic Programming: The A-2 Compiler System, Parts 1 and 2

    Programming Research Section, Eckert-Mauchly Division, Remington Rand, Philadelphia

    Computers and Automation, Vol. 4, No. 9 (September 1955), pp. 25-29, and Vol. 4, No. 10 (October 1955), pp. 15-23. A reprinted section of Remington Rand's A-2 Compiler instruction manual.

    P 1955 gathered E06-d14-a2-compiler-system-manual-1955

  14. The Operation of a Computer Away from a Central Staff

    Howard Bromberg, David Taylor Model Basin, Washington 7, D.C.

    Computers and Automation, Vol. 5, No. 7, July 1956, pp. 12-13, 25.

    P 1956 summarized E06-d17-bromberg-operation-without-programmers-1956

  15. FORTRAN Experience at the New York Data Processing Center

    B. G. Oldfield, IBM New York Data Processing Center (cover letter from Oldfield to J. W. Backus, 30 July 1957)

    Paper presented to the SHARE meeting, Dallas, Texas, July 1957. 1 + 3 pp. Computer History Museum Lot X3853.2007, Box 15, 'Programming Presentation Papers' folder, McPherson/Polivka donation.

    P 1957 verified E06-d201-oldfield-fortran-experience-1957

  16. Present Status of FORTRAN: Memorandum to Mr. J. C. McPherson

    J. W. Backus, Programming Research, International Business Machines Corporation

    IBM internal memorandum, 1 September 1957, 1 p. plus Appendix A. Computer History Museum Lot X3853.2007, Box 15, 'Programming Presentation Papers' folder, McPherson/Polivka donation.

    P 1957 summarized E06-d202-backus-present-status-fortran-1957

  17. Memorandum: FORTRAN II (McPherson, 1 Nov 1957) and Memorandum to Mr. J. C. McPherson: FORTRAN II (Backus, 5 Nov 1957)

    John C. McPherson, IBM World Headquarters; J. W. Backus, Programming Research, IBM

    Two IBM internal memoranda, 1 November 1957 (1 p.) and 5 November 1957 (1 p.). Computer History Museum Lot X3853.2007, Box 15, 'Programming Presentation Papers' folder, McPherson/Polivka donation.

    P 1957 summarized E06-d203-mcpherson-backus-fortran-ii-memos-1957

  18. Proposed Specifications for FORTRAN II for the 704 (25 September 1957 and 18 November 1957 drafts)

    [Irving Ziller], Programming Research Department, International Business Machines Corporation

    IBM Programming Research Department, 25 September 1957 (1 + 7 pp., ditto) and 18 November 1957 (1 + 7 pp., ditto with pen and ink corrections). Given to Paul McJones by John Backus; digitised by the Computer History Museum.

    P 1957 gathered E06-d204-ziller-fortran-ii-specs-1957

  19. Automatic Programming: Properties and Performance of FORTRAN Systems I and II

    J. W. Backus, Manager, Programming Research Department, International Business Machines Corporation

    Paper for the Symposium on the Mechanisation of Thought Processes, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, 24-27 November 1958. Preprint, document reference (94009), 22 pp. Computer History Museum, FORTRAN collection.

    P 1958 summarized E06-d205-backus-npl-fortran-i-and-ii-1958

  20. The IBM 701 Speedcoding System

    J. W. Backus, International Business Machines Corp., New York, N.Y.

    Journal of the ACM, Vol. 1, No. 1, January 1954, pp. 4-6. Paper presented at the meeting of the Association [for Computing Machinery], 9-11 September 1953.

    P 1954 summarized E06-d206-backus-speedcoding-1954

  21. The Arithmetic Translator-Compiler of the IBM FORTRAN Automatic Coding System

    Peter B. Sheridan, International Business Machines Corporation, New York, N.Y.

    Communications of the ACM, Vol. 2, No. 2, February 1959, pp. 9-21.

    P 1959 summarized E06-d207-sheridan-arithmetic-translator-1959

  22. A Program for Translation of Mathematical Equations for Whirlwind I

    J. H. Laning Jr. and N. Zierler, Instrumentation Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    MIT Instrumentation Laboratory Engineering Memorandum E-364, January 1954, 21 pp. Prepared under DIC Project 7139 sponsored by the Armament Laboratory of the Wright Air Development Center, USAF Contract AF33(616)-2039.

    P 1954 summarized E06-d208-laning-zierler-whirlwind-1954

  23. FORTRAN Comes to Westinghouse-Bettis, 1957

    Herbert S. Bright, Computation Planning, Inc., Washington, D.C.

    Computers and Automation, 1971. Reprint held by the Computer History Museum Software Preservation Group.

    P 1971 summarized E06-d209-bright-fortran-westinghouse-bettis-1971

  24. Fortran And The Genesis Of Project Intercept

    John Van Gardner, IBM Customer Engineer, Lockheed Aircraft, Marietta, Georgia

    Memoir contributed to the Computer History Museum Software Preservation Group FORTRAN collection, CHM 102663109. Describes events of 1957-1958.

    P 2005 summarized E06-d210-vangardner-fortran-project-intercept

  25. The Function of Automatic Programming for Computers in Business Data Processing

    R. J. Rossheim

    Computers and Automation, Vol. 5, No. 2, February 1956, pp. 6-9.

    P 1956 summarized E06-d211-rossheim-function-of-automatic-programming-1956

  26. FORTRAN Session: Transcript of Presentation

    John Backus; session chaired by J. A. N. Lee

    History of Programming Languages (HOPL-I), R. L. Wexelblat, ed., ACM Monograph Series / Academic Press, pp. 45-65. Spoken transcript of the presentation given at the ACM SIGPLAN History of Programming Languages Conference, Los Angeles, June 1978.

    P 1981 summarized E06-d212-backus-hopl-transcript-of-presentation

  27. FORTRAN Session: Transcript of Discussant's Remarks (George Ryckman) and Transcript of Question and Answer Session

    George Ryckman, General Motors Research Laboratories; questions from the floor including Aaron Finerman, Bob Bemer, David Dahm, Mike Shapiro; answers by John Backus and Roy Nutt; session chaired by J. A. N. Lee

    History of Programming Languages (HOPL-I), R. L. Wexelblat, ed., ACM Monograph Series / Academic Press, pp. 66-67 (discussant) and pp. 68-74 (question and answer session, and full text of all questions submitted). Recorded at the ACM SIGPLAN History of Programming Languages Conference, Los Angeles, June 1978.

    P 1981 summarized E06-d213-ryckman-hopl-discussant-and-qa

  28. Interview TC-46, IBM Oral History of Computer Technology: John Backus

    John Backus, interviewed by Lawrence Saphire

    IBM Oral History of Computer Technology, interview number TC-46, recorded 15 December 1967, San Francisco, California. Typescript with topical outline. Computer History Museum, FORTRAN collection.

    P 1967 summarized E06-d214-saphire-interview-backus-1967

  29. An Interview with Carl Hammer (OH 56)

    Carl Hammer, interviewed by James Ross

    Charles Babbage Institute, Center for the History of Information Processing, University of Minnesota. Interview conducted 15 April 1983, Washington, D.C. Transcript, 51 pp.

    P 1983 summarized E06-d217-hammer-cbi-oh56

  30. An Interview with Donald E. Knuth (OH 332)

    Donald E. Knuth, interviewed by Philip L. Frana

    Charles Babbage Institute, Center for the History of Information Processing, University of Minnesota. Interview conducted 8 November 2001, Stanford, California. Transcript, 32 pp.

    P 2001 summarized E06-d220-knuth-cbi-oh332

  31. An Interview with Bernard A. Galler (OH 236)

    Bernard A. Galler, interviewed by Enid H. Galler

    Charles Babbage Institute, Center for the History of Information Processing, University of Minnesota. Interviews conducted 8, 10-11 and 16 August 1991, Sutton's Bay and Ann Arbor, Michigan. Transcript, approx. 120 pp.

    P 1991 summarized E06-d222-galler-cbi-oh236

  32. An Interview with Walter Bauer (OH 61)

    Walter F. Bauer, interviewed by Arthur L. Norberg

    Charles Babbage Institute, Center for the History of Information Processing, University of Minnesota. Interview conducted 16 May 1983, Woodland Hills, California. Transcript, 32 pp.

    P 1983 summarized E06-d223-walter-bauer-cbi-oh61

  33. An Interview with Cuthbert C. Hurd (OH 259)

    Cuthbert C. Hurd, interviewed by Robert Seidel

    Charles Babbage Institute, Center for the History of Information Processing, University of Minnesota. Interview conducted 18 November 1994, Portola Valley, California. Transcript, approx. 30 pp.

    P 1994 summarized E06-d224-hurd-cbi-oh259

  34. An Interview with Louis Fein (OH 15)

    Louis Fein, interviewed by Pamela McCorduck

    Charles Babbage Institute, Center for the History of Information Processing, University of Minnesota. Interview conducted 9 May 1979, Palo Alto, California. Transcript, approx. 30 pp.

    P 1979 summarized E06-d225-fein-cbi-oh15

  35. The Burroughs B 5000 Conference (OH 98)

    Participants including David Dahm, Richard Turner, Paul King, William Lonergan, Robert Hootman and others; conducted by Bernard A. Galler and Robert F. Rosin

    Charles Babbage Institute, Center for the History of Information Processing, University of Minnesota. Conference held 6 September 1985, Marina Del Ray, California. Sponsored by AFIPS and Burroughs Corporation. Transcript, approx. 150 pp.

    P 1985 summarized E06-d227-burroughs-b5000-conference-cbi-oh98

  36. Positions for High School Graduates in Data Processing

    Enoch J. Haga, Vacaville, Calif. (based on part of his M.A. thesis, Sacramento State College, 'Electronic Data Processing

    Computers and Automation, Vol. 8, No. 2, February 1959, pp. 12-16. Reports a mail survey conducted January-February 1958 of 295 people listed in the June 1956 'Computer Directory' issue of Computers and Automation; 103 replies (35 per cent).

    P 1959 verified E06-p201-haga-positions-high-school-graduates-1959

  37. The Application of a Computer to Bank Accounting

    B. W. Taunton, Assistant Comptroller, The First National Bank of Boston

    Computers and Automation, Vol. 8, No. 7, July 1959, pp. 17-22. Presented at the American Management Association's 5th Annual Electronics Conference, Statler-Hilton Hotel, New York City, 4 March 1959.

    P 1959 verified E06-p202-taunton-bank-accounting-training-1959

  38. The British Computer Society Conference, Cambridge, England, June 22-25, 1959, Session 3: Selecting and Training Computer Programmers

    Report by The British Computer Society, printed in Computers and Automation; speakers reported include R. W. Bemer (IBM), Dr. John W. Carr III (University of North Carolina), H. W. Gearing (The Metal Box Company), B. Richards (ICI)

    Computers and Automation, Vol. 8, No. 9, September 1959, pp. 12-13. Conference held Cambridge, England, 22-25 June 1959.

    P 1959 verified E06-p203-bcs-1959-selecting-training-programmers

  39. Abstracts 45, 46 and 47 of the ACM National Meeting, 1956: 'Psychological Tests and Selection of Computer Programmers' (T. C. Rowan); 'Computer Programming and Coding at the High School Level' (Aaron L. Buchman); 'A Proposal for Training Youngsters in Digital Computing Techniques' (Rollin P. Mayer)

    T. C. Rowan (RAND Corporation); Aaron L. Buchman (Hutchinson Central Technical High School, Buffalo, N.Y.); Rollin P. Mayer

    Computers and Automation, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 1956, printed abstracts of the Association for Computing Machinery meeting, p. -33- of the ACM insert.

    P 1956 verified E06-p204-acm-1956-abstracts-selection-and-schools

  40. General Information Manual: Programmer's Primer for FORTRAN Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704 Data Processing System

    International Business Machines Corporation

    IBM General Information Manual, Form F28-6019 (reprint of Form No. 32-0306-1), 67 pp. as scanned. 'This edition is a reprint of Form No. 32-0306-1 and does not obsolete it or 32-0306. No changes have been made to 32-0306-1.'

    P 1957 verified E06-p205-ibm-fortran-primer-1957

  41. Programming the IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Computer and Data-Processing Machine

    Richard V. Andree, Associate Professor of Mathematics, University of Oklahoma

    Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 383 Madison Avenue, New York 17, N.Y. Preface dated Norman, Oklahoma, September 1958. 110 pp. plus index and sample programming sheets.

    P 1958 verified E06-p206-andree-programming-the-ibm-650-1958

  42. A Simplified System for the Use of an Automatic Calculator

    David Mace and Joyce Alsop, Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory, Columbia University

    Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory, Columbia University / International Business Machines Corporation, 1957. Pamphlet, 612 West 116th Street, New York, N.Y.

    P 1957 verified E06-p207-mace-alsop-simplified-system-1957

  43. The Demand for College Training in Digital Computing

    Frank R. Hartman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.

    Computers and Automation, Vol. 8, No. 11, November 1959, pp. 10-14. Mail survey of 640 (effectively 600) industrial and commercial recruiters who visit Penn State; 325 replies, 54 per cent.

    P 1959 verified E06-p208-hartman-demand-for-college-training-1959

  44. Data Processing Concepts, An Elective Course for High School Seniors

    Unsigned item in Readers' and Editor's Forum, reporting a course taught by R. J. Satlak at Newton High School, Newton, Mass.; mimeographed course outline reproduced in full

    Computers and Automation, Vol. 7, No. 11, November 1958, pp. 6 and 24.

    P 1958 verified E06-p209-newton-high-school-elective-1958

  45. Maryland High School Students Learn Computer Programming and Practice on the IBM 709

    Zeke Seligsohn, Public Relations Chairman, Association for Computing Machinery, Washington, D.C.

    Computers and Automation, Vol. 10, No. 2, February 1961, p. 5B. Course sponsored jointly by the Washington, D.C. Chapter of the ACM and the Board of Education of Montgomery County, Maryland; class visit to the IBM Space Computing Center, 7 January 1961.

    P 1961 verified E06-p210-seligsohn-acm-saturday-course-1961

  46. Aptitude Testing and Answer Timing by Use of a Computer in Real Time

    Wolf Research and Development Corp., Boston 16, Mass.; test devised by Richard P. Gagan (analyst) and Mrs. Frances Tessler (programmer)

    Computers and Automation, Vol. 10, No. 3, March 1961, p. 8.

    P 1961 verified E06-p211-wolf-research-programmer-aptitude-tester-1961

  47. High School Programming Course, Assessment Two Years Later

    Marvin M. Wofsey, Center for Technology and Administration, The American University, Washington, D.C. (in 1960, Director of Data Processing of a Navy bureau)

    Computers and Automation, Vol. 11, No. 7, July 1962, pp. 30-31.

    P 1962 verified E06-p212-wofsey-high-school-course-two-years-later-1962

  48. The Control Data 160, Statistics

    Control Data Corporation, 501 Park Ave., Minneapolis 15, Minn.

    Computers and Automation, Vol. 9, No. 8, August 1960, p. 11B (new-product statistics section).

    P 1960 verified E06-p213-cdc-160-time-to-learn-spec-1960

  49. Neophytes Win COBOL Race

    Unsigned item, Software News section, Computers and Automation; concerns a team of five at IBM General Products Division, Endicott, N.Y.: S. V. Codella, T. J. Worosz, Jr., L. R. O'Leary, P. Pecukonis, F. M. Quigley

    Computers and Automation, Vol. 11, No. 3, March 1962, p. 18B.

    P 1962 verified E06-p214-neophytes-win-cobol-race-1962

  50. An Interview with Lyn Gardner Esbenson (OH 483)

    Lyn Gardner Esbenson, interviewed by Thomas J. Misa

    Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Interview conducted 7 December 2015. Transcript, 25 pp. Funded by Alfred P. Sloan Foundation award B2014-07.

    P 2015 verified E06-p215-esbenson-cbi-oh483

  51. An Interview with Judith Kinsey (OH 511)

    Judith Kinsey, interviewed by Thomas J. Misa

    Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Interview conducted 3 December 2015, at her home north of Rochester, Minnesota. Transcript, approx. 60 pp. Funded by Alfred P. Sloan Foundation award B2014-07.

    P 2015 verified E06-p216-kinsey-cbi-oh511

  52. An Interview with John F. Keane (OH 340)

    John F. Keane, interviewed by Martin Campbell-Kelly

    Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Interview conducted 3 May 2002, in conjunction with the Software History Center's ADAPSO reunion. Transcript, approx. 20 pp.

    P 2002 verified E06-p217-keane-cbi-oh340

  53. Digital Computer Newsletter: reports of introductory programming courses, MIT (April 1954), Sweden (April 1957) and the U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory (January 1958)

    Office of Naval Research, Mathematical Sciences Division (editor), reporting installations' own submissions

    ONR Digital Computer Newsletter, Vol. 6 No. 2 (April 1954) p. 5; Vol. 9 No. 2 (April 1957) p. 13; Vol. 10 No. 1 (January 1958) p. 11. Reprinted in the Journal of the ACM.

    P 1954 verified E06-p218-onr-newsletter-courses-1954-1958

E07 1960-1972 Mainframes, IBM 360, the software crisis, NATO 1968, structured programming 58 records

  1. Software Engineering: Report on a conference sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, Garmisch, Germany, 7th to 11th October 1968

    Peter Naur and Brian Randell (editors); NATO Science Committee

    NATO Scientific Affairs Division, Brussels (report published January 1969)

    P 1969 summarized E07-e01-nato-1968-garmisch-report

  2. Software Engineering Techniques: Report on a conference sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, Rome, Italy, 27th to 31st October 1969

    J. N. Buxton and Brian Randell (editors); NATO Science Committee

    NATO Scientific Affairs Division, Brussels (report published April 1970)

    P 1970 summarized E07-e02-nato-1969-rome-report

  3. A Case against the GO TO Statement (EWD215)

    Edsger W. Dijkstra

    E.W. Dijkstra Archive, University of Texas at Austin (typescript, EWD215). Published in altered form as 'Go To Statement Considered Harmful', Comm. ACM 11 (March 1968), 147-148

    P 1968 summarized E07-e03-dijkstra-ewd215-case-against-goto

  4. What led to \

    Edsger W. Dijkstra

    E.W. Dijkstra Archive, University of Texas at Austin (manuscript dated Nuenen, 10 June 2001)

    P 2001 summarized E07-e04-dijkstra-ewd1308-what-led-to-notes

  5. The Humble Programmer (EWD340), ACM Turing Lecture 1972

    Edsger W. Dijkstra

    ACM Turing Award Lecture, 1972. Printed in Communications of the ACM 15(10), October 1972. Transcription hosted by the E.W. Dijkstra Archive, UT Austin

    P 1972 summarized E07-e05-dijkstra-ewd340-humble-programmer

  6. Notes on Structured Programming (EWD249), T.H.-Report 70-WSK-03

    Edsger W. Dijkstra

    Technological University Eindhoven, Department of Mathematics. Typescript dated August 1969; the scanned copy is the Second edition, April 1970

    P 1969 summarized E07-e06-dijkstra-ewd249-notes-structured-programming

  7. Keynote Speech (Section 8.1 of the Garmisch NATO Software Engineering report)

    Alan J. Perlis

    NATO Conference on Software Engineering, Garmisch, 7-11 October 1968. Printed in full as section 8.1, pp. 135-138, of Naur & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, January 1969

    P 1968 summarized E07-e201-perlis-garmisch-keynote-1968

  8. Mass Produced Software Components (Section 8.2 of the Garmisch NATO report), with the recorded discussion (8.2.1)

    M. Douglas McIlroy; discussion by Ross, Opler, Perlis, d'Agapeyeff, Endres, Kjeldaas, Kolence, Naur, Gill, Barton, Fraser, Graham, Bemer

    NATO Conference on Software Engineering, Garmisch, 7-11 October 1968. Printed as section 8.2, pp. 138-151, with discussion 8.2.1, pp. 151-155, of Naur & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, January 1969

    P 1968 summarized E07-e202-mcilroy-mass-produced-software-components

  9. Complexity Controlled by Hierarchical Ordering of Function and Variability (Garmisch working paper)

    Edsger W. Dijkstra

    Working paper, NATO Conference on Software Engineering, Garmisch, October 1968. Reproduced in full at pp. 181-185 of Naur & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, January 1969

    P 1968 summarized E07-e203-dijkstra-garmisch-hierarchical-ordering

  10. Thoughts on the Sequence of Writing Software (Garmisch working paper)

    Stanley Gill

    Working paper, NATO Conference on Software Engineering, Garmisch, October 1968. Reproduced in full at pp. 186-188 of Naur & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, January 1969

    P 1968 summarized E07-e204-gill-sequence-of-writing-software

  11. Towards a Methodology of Computing System Design (Garmisch working paper)

    Brian Randell

    Working paper, NATO Conference on Software Engineering, Garmisch, October 1968. Reproduced in full at pp. 204-208 of Naur & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, January 1969

    P 1968 summarized E07-e205-randell-methodology-of-computing-system-design

  12. The Testing of Computer Software (Garmisch working paper)

    A. I. Llewelyn and R. F. Wickens

    Working paper, NATO Conference on Software Engineering, Garmisch, October 1968. Reproduced in full at pp. 189-199 of Naur & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, January 1969

    P 1968 summarized E07-e206-llewelyn-wickens-testing-of-computer-software

  13. Checklist for Planning Software System Production (Garmisch working paper, prepared August 1966)

    R. W. Bemer

    Working paper, NATO Conference on Software Engineering, Garmisch, October 1968. Reproduced in full at pp. 165-180 of Naur & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, January 1969

    P 1968 summarized E07-e207-bemer-checklist-software-system-production

  14. Classification of Subject Matter (Garmisch working-party report)

    R. W. Bemer, A. G. Fraser, A. E. Glennie, A. Opler, and H. R. Wiehle

    Working party report, NATO Conference on Software Engineering, Garmisch, October 1968. Reproduced in full at pp. 160-164 of Naur & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, January 1969

    P 1968 summarized E07-e208-bemer-fraser-classification-of-subject-matter

  15. Performance Monitoring and Systems Evaluation (Garmisch working paper)

    Tad B. Pinkerton

    Working paper, NATO Conference on Software Engineering, Garmisch, October 1968. Reproduced in full at pp. 200-203 of Naur & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, January 1969

    P 1968 summarized E07-e209-pinkerton-performance-monitoring

  16. Documentation Standards (Garmisch working paper, excerpted from 'Documentation for Service and Users')

    Franz Selig

    Working paper, NATO Conference on Software Engineering, Garmisch, October 1968. Reproduced at pp. 209-211 of Naur & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, January 1969

    P 1968 summarized E07-e210-selig-documentation-standards

  17. Reducing the Cost of Software (Garmisch working paper and remarks), including the Inverted Pyramid and the coinage of 'middleware'

    Alex d'Agapeyeff

    Working paper and floor remarks, NATO Conference on Software Engineering, Garmisch, October 1968. Quoted throughout Naur & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, January 1969; the Inverted Pyramid is Figure 3 at original p. 23

    P 1968 summarized E07-e211-dagapeyeff-reducing-cost-of-software

  18. Some Thoughts About Production of Large Software Systems (1) and (2), and the Position Paper with A. G. Fraser (Garmisch working papers)

    E. E. David Jr. (Bell Telephone Laboratories); position paper co-authored with A. G. Fraser

    Working papers, NATO Conference on Software Engineering, Garmisch, October 1968. Quoted throughout Naur & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, January 1969

    P 1968 summarized E07-e212-david-thoughts-on-production-of-large-systems

  19. Some Problems of Management in the Production of Large-Scale Software Systems (Garmisch working paper), including the OS/360 module table

    J. P. Nash

    Working paper, NATO Conference on Software Engineering, Garmisch, October 1968. Data and figures reproduced in Naur & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, January 1969

    P 1968 summarized E07-e213-nash-problems-of-management-large-scale-software

  20. The Design and Production of Real-Time Software for Electronic Switching Systems (Garmisch working paper and remarks)

    J. A. Harr (Bell Telephone Laboratories)

    Working paper and floor remarks, NATO Conference on Software Engineering, Garmisch, October 1968. Quoted in Naur & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, January 1969

    P 1968 summarized E07-e214-harr-real-time-software-electronic-switching

  21. What the Garmisch report actually says about the 'software crisis' (§7.1, Software: the State of the Art)

    Conference discussion, recorded and edited by Peter Naur and Brian Randell; speakers Buxton, Kolence, Ross, Fraser, Dijkstra, Perlis, Randell, Hastings, Gillette, Opler, Graham, Kinslow, McClure, Gill

    §7.1 of Naur & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, January 1969, original pp. 119-125

    P 1968 disputed E07-e215-garmisch-software-crisis-term

  22. Software Pricing: the Garmisch unbundling debate (§7.3)

    Conference session, recorded and edited by Peter Naur and Brian Randell

    §7.3 of Naur & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, January 1969, original pp. 129-133

    P 1968 summarized E07-e216-garmisch-software-pricing-unbundling-debate

  23. Education: the Garmisch session on whether software engineering can be taught (§7.2)

    Conference session; speakers Perlis, David, Ross, Randell, Dijkstra, Wodon, Hume, Berghuis, Fraser, McIlroy, Galler. Recorded and edited by Peter Naur and Brian Randell

    §7.2 of Naur & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, January 1969, original pp. 125-129

    P 1968 summarized E07-e217-garmisch-education-session

  24. Projection versus Performance in Software Production (Garmisch working paper), with the software growth curve and the three-FORTRAN-compilers chart

    Robert M. McClure

    Working paper and figures, NATO Conference on Software Engineering, Garmisch, October 1968. Quoted and figures reproduced in Naur & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, January 1969

    P 1968 summarized E07-e218-mcclure-projection-versus-performance

  25. Introduction to the Rome report: the communication gap and the editors' verdict on their own conference

    J. N. Buxton and Brian Randell (editors)

    Preface and Introduction to Buxton & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering Techniques', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, April 1970, original pp. 5-8

    P 1970 summarized E07-e219-rome-introduction-communication-gap

  26. Theory and Practice (Rome report §1): Strachey on the pilot plant, Sharp on OS/360 having no architect

    Conference discussion; speakers Christopher Strachey, J. D. Aron, Douglas Ross, R. M. Needham, Ian Sharp, E. E. David, Feldman, Ulrich, Galler. Recorded and edited by J. N. Buxton and Brian Randell

    §1 of Buxton & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering Techniques', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, April 1970, original pp. 9-14

    P 1970 summarized E07-e220-rome-theory-and-practice-strachey-sharp

  27. Estimating Resources for Large Programming Systems (Rome working paper §7.2), with the 1969 productivity table

    J. D. Aron (IBM Federal Systems Division)

    Working paper §7.2, pp. 68-79 of Buxton & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering Techniques', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, April 1970 (conference held Rome, 27-31 October 1969)

    P 1970 summarized E07-e221-aron-estimating-resources-rome

  28. The 'Super-programmer project' (Rome report §5.1.4): the documented version of the Harlan Mills experiment

    J. D. Aron, reporting in discussion; recorded and edited by J. N. Buxton and Brian Randell

    §5.1.4 of Buxton & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering Techniques', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, April 1970, original pp. 50-52

    P 1970 disputed E07-e222-rome-super-programmer-project

  29. Apollo Programming Support (Rome report §5.1.2): the ground-support software, three months after the landing

    J. D. Aron (IBM Federal Systems Division), transcribed talk; working paper 'General Remarks on Apollo Programming Support'

    §5.1.2 of Buxton & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering Techniques', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, April 1970, original pp. 43-46 (conference held 27-31 October 1969)

    P 1970 summarized E07-e223-rome-apollo-programming-support

  30. Structured Programming (Rome working paper §7.4), the paper that gave the term its public debut

    Edsger W. Dijkstra

    Working paper §7.4, pp. 84-88 of Buxton & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering Techniques', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, April 1970 (conference held Rome, 27-31 October 1969)

    P 1970 summarized E07-e224-dijkstra-structured-programming-rome-1969

  31. Toward a Programming Laboratory (Rome working paper §7.14): the PILOT system, 1969

    Warren Teitelman (Bolt, Beranek and Newman Inc.)

    Working paper §7.14, pp. 137-148 of Buxton & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering Techniques', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, April 1970 (conference held Rome, 27-31 October 1969)

    P 1970 summarized E07-e225-teitelman-toward-a-programming-laboratory

  32. Wirth versus Perlis on conversational programming, and 'programmers call their errors bugs to preserve their sanity' (Rome report §3.1.2)

    Conference discussion; speakers W. S. Brown, Martin Hopkins, Dijkstra, Oestreicher, Lampson, Burkinshaw, Niklaus Wirth, Alan Perlis, Bernard Galler, Warren Teitelman, J. D. Aron. Recorded and edited by J. N. Buxton and Brian Randell

    §3.1.2 of Buxton & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering Techniques', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, April 1970, original pp. 23-25

    P 1970 summarized E07-e226-rome-conversational-programming-debate

  33. Software Engineering and Computer Science (Rome working paper §7.11)

    R. M. Needham (Cambridge) and J. D. Aron (IBM Federal Systems Division)

    Working paper §7.11, pp. 113-114 of Buxton & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering Techniques', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, April 1970 (conference held Rome, 27-31 October 1969)

    P 1970 summarized E07-e227-needham-aron-software-engineering-and-computer-science

  34. Analyzing Large-Scale System Development (Rome working paper §7.13)

    Jules I. Schwartz (System Development Corporation)

    Working paper §7.13, pp. 122-136 of Buxton & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering Techniques', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, April 1970 (conference held Rome, 27-31 October 1969)

    P 1970 summarized E07-e228-schwartz-analyzing-large-scale-system-development

  35. Architecture of the IBM System/360

    G. M. Amdahl, G. A. Blaauw and F. P. Brooks, Jr.

    IBM Journal of Research and Development 8(2), April 1964, pp. 87-101

    P 1964 summarized E07-e229-amdahl-blaauw-brooks-architecture-of-system-360

  36. Chief Programmer Team Management of Production Programming

    F. T. Baker (IBM Federal Systems Division)

    IBM Systems Journal 11(1), 1972, pp. 56-73

    P 1972 summarized E07-e230-baker-chief-programmer-team

  37. Program Development by Stepwise Refinement

    Niklaus Wirth

    Communications of the ACM 14(4), April 1971, pp. 221-227

    P 1971 summarized E07-e232-wirth-stepwise-refinement

  38. The 28:1 Grant/Sackman legend is misleading, or: How large is interpersonal variation really?

    Lutz Prechelt

    Technical Report 1999-18, Fakultät für Informatik, Universität Karlsruhe, 20 December 1999

    S 1999 disputed E07-e233-prechelt-28-to-1-legend

  39. The Selection, Training, and Placement of Blind Computer Programmers

    Committee on Professional Activities of the Blind of the Association for Computing Machinery, in co-operation with the Committee on Automation and Computation of the American Association of Workers for the Blind

    ACM committee report, July 1966; issued from the Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis. ERIC document ED016117

    P 1966 summarized E07-p301-acm-blind-programmers-training-1966

  40. Relationship of Automatic Data Processing Training Curriculum and Methodology in the Federal Government (report of a conference, 15-20 May 1967)

    U.S. Office of Education (DHEW) with the Association for Educational Data Systems; report OE-80066

    U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, publication OE-80066, 55pp. ERIC document ED051644

    P 1969 summarized E07-p302-federal-adp-training-conference-1967

  41. Electronic Data Processing - I: A Suggested 2-Year Post High School Curriculum for Computer Programers and Business Applications Analysts (Technical Education Program Series No. 4, OE-80024)

    Maurice W. Roney and others, Technical Education Branch, Division of Vocational and Technical Education, U.S. Office of Education; adapted from a guide prepared by Orange Coast College, Costa Mesa, California and by Allison Bissell and Lawrence Quattlebaum of IBM

    U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education. GPO, Washington, 1963 (reprinted January 1963, October 1963). ERIC document ED013322

    P 1963 summarized E07-p303-oe-two-year-programmer-curriculum

  42. Computers in Higher Education: Report of the President's Science Advisory Committee (the Pierce report)

    President's Science Advisory Committee, Panel on Computers in Higher Education, chaired by John R. Pierce

    The White House, Washington D.C., February 1967. ERIC document ED029518

    P 1967 summarized E07-p304-psac-computers-in-higher-education-1967

  43. Criteria and Educational Tools in the Training of Programmers

    Mario Bellardinelli (name rendered 'Bellardinolli' in the ERIC resume header, an OCR artefact)

    Paper presented at the International Conference on Training for Information Work, Rome, Italy, 15-19 November 1971. 11pp. ERIC document ED089748

    P 1971 summarized E07-p305-bellardinelli-global-method-training-programmers-1971

  44. The Washington Data Processing Training Story

    R. L. McKee, State Supervisor for Technical and Industrial Education, Washington State Board for Vocational Education, Olympia

    Washington State Board for Vocational Education, October 1963, 38pp. ERIC document ED018604

    P 1963 summarized E07-p306-washington-data-processing-training-1963

  45. Programmer, Business (profess. & kin.) 020.188, Technical Report on Development of USES Aptitude Test Battery, S-314

    U.S. Department of Labor, Manpower Administration, U.S. Training and Employment Service; developed in cooperation with the California, Ohio and Wisconsin State Employment Services

    United States Employment Service Technical Report S-314, March 1968, 18pp. GATB Study #2447, 2691. ERIC document ED066476

    P 1968 summarized E07-p307-uses-gatb-programmer-business-1968

  46. Programmer, Engineering and Scientific (profess. & kin.) 020.188, Technical Report on Development of USES Aptitude Test Battery, S-316

    U.S. Department of Labor, Manpower Administration, U.S. Employment Service; developed in cooperation with the California and Ohio State Employment Services

    United States Employment Service Technical Report S-316, March 1968. GATB Study #2527, 2698. ERIC document ED066478

    P 1968 summarized E07-p308-uses-gatb-programmer-scientific-1968

  47. Software Engineering Education: the Rome 1969 conference session (§6)

    Conference session opened by Alan Perlis; speakers Perlis, Bauer, Feldman, Galler, Ross, Falkoff, Needham, Aron, McClure, Teitelman, Ercoli, Oestreicher, Dijkstra, Strachey, Woodger, Gotlieb. Recorded and edited by J. N. Buxton and Brian Randell

    §6 of Buxton & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering Techniques', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, April 1970, original pp. 61-66; §4.1.6 at original pp. 32-33

    P 1970 summarized E07-p309-rome-1969-software-engineering-education-session

  48. Jules Schwartz's Rome 1969 talk (§5.1.1, 'A survey'): how SAGE recruited and trained a thousand programmers

    Jules I. Schwartz, transcribed talk; recorded and edited by J. N. Buxton and Brian Randell

    §5.1.1 of Buxton & Randell (eds.), 'Software Engineering Techniques', NATO Scientific Affairs Division, April 1970, original pp. 41-42 (the report's index places Schwartz at pp. 17, 41 and 122)

    P 1970 summarized E07-p310-schwartz-sage-recruitment-talk-rome-1969

  49. Oral history interview with Grace Gentry (CBI Oral History 397)

    Grace Gentry, interviewed by Jeffrey R. Yost

    Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Oral History 397

    P 2013 summarized E07-p312-gentry-oral-history-self-taught-1967

  50. Oral history interview with Judith A. Lindner (CBI Oral History 487)

    Judith A. Lindner, interviewed by Thomas J. Misa

    Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Oral History 487. Alfred P. Sloan Foundation project 'Tripling Women's Participation in Computing (1965-1985)'

    P 2015 summarized E07-p313-lindner-oral-history-bell-labs-manuals

  51. Oral history interview with Patricia B. Myhre (CBI Oral History 479)

    Patricia B. Myhre, interviewed by Thomas J. Misa

    Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Oral History 479. Alfred P. Sloan Foundation project 'Tripling Women's Participation in Computing (1965-1985)'

    P 2015 summarized E07-p314-myhre-oral-history-univac-on-the-job

  52. Computer Manpower Outlook (Bulletin 1826)

    Robert V. Critchlow, Constance B. DiCesare, Joseph J. Rooney and James D. York; U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics; study financed by the National Science Foundation

    U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin 1826, 1974, 65pp. Survey data are for 1970 and 1970-71. ERIC document ED115496

    P 1974 summarized E07-p315-bls-computer-manpower-outlook-1974

  53. Training for Computer Programmers

    Lorin G. Vogeding, Chairman, Computer Science Dept., Tri-County Area Technical-Vocational School, Bartlesville, Oklahoma

    Computers and Automation, July 1970, pp. 48-49

    P 1970 summarized E07-p316-vogeding-training-for-computer-programmers-1970

  54. Education for Data Processing: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow

    Thomas R. Tirney, Assistant Professor of Economics and Business, University of Vermont

    Computers and Automation, July 1972, pp. 14-17

    P 1972 summarized E07-p317-tirney-education-for-data-processing-1972

  55. Training Policies for Computer Manpower and Users (OECD Informatics Studies 9)

    Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Computer Utilisation Group; twelve reports presented at the Seminar on Training Policies for Computer Manpower and Users, Paris, May 1973

    OECD, Paris, 1975, 163pp. Seminar held May 1973. ERIC document ED112864

    P 1975 gathered E07-p318-oecd-training-policies-computer-manpower-1973

  56. University Education in Computer Engineering (Proceedings of the COSINE Meeting on Computer Science in Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, 24-25 October 1968)

    C. L. Coates, University of Texas; meeting sponsored by the COSINE Committee of the Commission on Engineering Education, National Academy of Engineering

    Commission on Engineering Education, Washington D.C., October 1968, 20pp. ERIC document ED027219

    P 1968 summarized E07-p319-coates-cosine-1968-curriculum-68-critique

  57. Oral history interview with Ben Persons and Herb Pelnar (CBI Oral History 327)

    Ben Persons and Herb Pelnar, interviewed by Philip L. Frana

    Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Oral History 327

    P 2002 summarized E07-p320-persons-pelnar-oral-history-sage-depat-recruiting

  58. Data Processing Technology: A Suggested 2-Year Post High School Curriculum

    Central Texas College, Killeen, for the Bureau of Adult, Vocational, and Technical Education, U.S. Office of Education (DHEW)

    U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., 1973, 105pp. Stock No. 1780-01240. ERIC document ED085056

    P 1973 summarized E07-p321-oe-data-processing-technology-curriculum-1973

E08 1961-1972 Apollo, rope memory, real-time embedded, software with lives on it 34 records

  1. Tales from the Lunar Module Guidance Computer

    Don Eyles

    27th Annual Guidance and Control Conference, American Astronautical Society, Breckenridge, Colorado, 6 February 2004 (AAS 04-064). Copy hosted by the NASA Office of Logic Design / klabs.org

    P 2004 summarized E08-f01-eyles-tales-lunar-module-guidance-computer

  2. Apollo 11 Mission Report (MSC-00171), November 1969, Table 5-I Lunar Descent Event Times; §16.2.5 Computer Alarms During Descent

    Mission Evaluation Team, Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas (NASA)

    NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, MSC-00171

    P 1969 summarized E08-f02-apollo11-mission-report-computer-alarms

  3. Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal, 'The First Lunar Landing' (air-to-ground and onboard transcript with 1969 Technical Debrief inserts)

    Eric M. Jones, ed. (NASA); air-to-ground transcript of Apollo 11, 20 July 1969

    NASA Apollo Lunar Surface Journal

    P 1969 summarized E08-f03-alsj-apollo11-landing-transcript

  4. Apollo 11 Program Alarms

    Peter Adler (MIT Instrumentation Laboratory / Draper Laboratory)

    NASA Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal, contributed essay

    P 1998 summarized E08-f04-adler-1998-apollo11-program-alarms

  5. NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, Oral History Transcript, John R. Garman, interviewed by Kevin M. Rusnak, Houston, Texas, 27 March 2001

    John R. (Jack) Garman; interviewer Kevin M. Rusnak

    NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project

    P 2001 summarized E08-f05-garman-jsc-oral-history-2001

  6. MIT's Role in Project Apollo, Final Report on Contracts NAS 9-153 and NAS 9-4065, Volume III: Computer Subsystem (R-700)

    Eldon C. Hall, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory / MIT Instrumentation Laboratory

    MIT Charles Stark Draper Laboratory report R-700, August 1972; scan hosted by MIT for David Mindell's Digital Apollo

    P 1972 summarized E08-f06-hall-r700-vol3-computer-subsystem

  7. General Design Characteristics of the Apollo Guidance Computer (R-410)

    Eldon C. Hall, MIT Instrumentation Laboratory

    MIT Instrumentation Laboratory report R-410, May 1963; scan hosted by MIT for David Mindell's Digital Apollo

    P 1963 summarized E08-f07-hall-r410-general-design-characteristics-1963

  8. Case History of the Apollo Guidance Computer (E-1970)

    Eldon C. Hall, MIT Instrumentation Laboratory

    MIT Instrumentation Laboratory report E-1970, June 1966; prepared for presentation under the sponsorship of NATO's Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD); scan hosted by MIT for Digital Apollo

    P 1966 gathered E08-f08-hall-e1970-case-history-agc-1966

  9. Apollo Navigation, Guidance, and Control Systems: A Progress Report (E-2411)

    David G. Hoag, MIT Instrumentation Laboratory

    MIT Instrumentation Laboratory report E-2411, April 1969; presented at the National Space Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, 22-24 April 1969, Houston, Texas; scan hosted by MIT for Digital Apollo

    P 1969 summarized E08-f09-hoag-e2411-progress-report-1969

  10. Apollo Guidance Computer Information Series, Issue 30: Block II Apollo Guidance Computer Subsystem (FR-2-130)

    Raytheon Company / MIT Instrumentation Laboratory

    FR-2-130, 31 August 1965, changed 25 February 1966; scan in the Virtual AGC document library, ibiblio.org/apollo

    P 1965 summarized E08-f10-agcis-30-block-ii-agc-subsystem

  11. Assembly listing of AGC program LUMINARY 1A revision 099 (Apollo 11 Lunar Module), EXECUTIVE, pp. 1103-1116

    MIT Instrumentation Laboratory; transcribed by the Virtual AGC project (Ron Burkey et al.) from digital images of the MIT Museum hardcopy made by Paul Fjeld

    Virtual AGC / ibiblio.org/apollo, colorized assembly listing

    P 1969 summarized E08-f11-luminary099-executive-alarm-codes

  12. Assembly listing of AGC program LUMINARY 1A revision 099 (Apollo 11 Lunar Module), ERASABLE ASSIGNMENTS, pp. 90-152

    MIT Instrumentation Laboratory; transcribed by the Virtual AGC project from images of the MIT Museum hardcopy

    Virtual AGC / ibiblio.org/apollo, colorized assembly listing

    P 1969 summarized E08-f12-luminary099-erasable-assignments

  13. Assembly listing of AGC program LUMINARY 1A revision 099 (Apollo 11 Lunar Module), MAIN.agc: printout notations, provenance, and table of source sections

    MIT Instrumentation Laboratory (original printout); Virtual AGC project, Ron Burkey et al. (transcription); Paul Fjeld (photography); Deborah Douglas, MIT Museum (custody)

    Virtual AGC / ibiblio.org/apollo

    P 1969 summarized E08-f13-luminary099-listing-provenance

  14. Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience, Chapter Two: Computers On Board The Apollo Spacecraft, 'The Apollo guidance computer: Hardware' and Box 2-1, 'Core Rope: A Unique Data Storage Device'

    James E. Tomayko

    NASA Contractor Report 182505; NASA History Office web edition

    S 1988 summarized E08-f14-tomayko-agc-hardware

  15. Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience, Chapter Two, 'The Apollo guidance computer: Software' (development cycle, operating system architecture, restarts, the AS-204 schedule crisis)

    James E. Tomayko

    NASA Contractor Report 182505; NASA History Office web edition

    S 1988 summarized E08-f15-tomayko-agc-software

  16. The Apollo On-Board Flight Software

    Margaret H. Hamilton

    Four-page paper written March 2019, published on wehackthemoon.com (Draper Laboratory's Apollo 50th anniversary site)

    P 2019 summarized E08-f16-hamilton-2019-apollo-onboard-flight-software

  17. Apollo 11: 25 Years Later

    Fred H. Martin (Deputy Director, Mission Development Group, MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, 1969; later Intermetrics, Inc.)

    NASA Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal, contributed essay, July 1994

    P 1994 summarized E08-f18-martin-1994-apollo11-25-years-later

  18. Software woven into wire: Core rope and the Apollo Guidance Computer

    Ken Shirriff

    righto.com (technical blog by a member of the AGC restoration team)

    J 2019 summarized E08-f19-shirriff-core-rope-manufacture

  19. Assembly listing of AGC program LUMINARY 1A revision 099 (Apollo 11 Lunar Module), ALARM AND ABORT, pp. 1381-1385

    MIT Instrumentation Laboratory; transcribed by the Virtual AGC project from images of the MIT Museum hardcopy

    Virtual AGC / ibiblio.org/apollo, colorized assembly listing

    P 1969 summarized E08-f20-luminary099-alarm-and-abort

  20. Assembly listing of AGC program LUMINARY 1A revision 099 (Apollo 11 Lunar Module), THE LUNAR LANDING, pp. 785-792

    MIT Instrumentation Laboratory; transcribed by the Virtual AGC project from images of the MIT Museum hardcopy

    Virtual AGC / ibiblio.org/apollo, colorized assembly listing

    P 1969 summarized E08-f22-luminary099-the-lunar-landing

  21. MIT's Role in Project Apollo, Final Report on Contracts NAS 9-153 and NAS 9-4065, Volume V: The Software Effort (R-700)

    Madeline S. Johnson with Donald R. Giller, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory / MIT Instrumentation Laboratory

    MIT Charles Stark Draper Laboratory report R-700, Volume V, March 1971 (title page marked FINAL DRAFT); scan in the Virtual AGC document library, ibiblio.org/apollo

    P 1971 summarized E08-f29-r700-vol5-software-effort

  22. The History of Apollo On-board Guidance, Navigation, and Control (P-357)

    David G. Hoag, The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.

    Draper Laboratory report P-357, September 1976; later published as 'The history of Apollo on-board guidance, navigation, and control', Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, vol. 6 no. 1 (1983). Scan in the Virtual AGC document library, ibiblio.org/apollo

    P 1976 summarized E08-f30-hoag-p357-history-apollo-gnc-1976

  23. Apollo Guidance Computer Information Series, Issue 10: Fixed Memory (FR-2-110)

    MIT Instrumentation Laboratory / Raytheon Company

    FR-2-110, 14 February 1964, originally classified CONFIDENTIAL; scan in the Virtual AGC document library, ibiblio.org/apollo

    P 1964 summarized E08-f31-agcis-10-fixed-memory

  24. Apollo Guidance Computer Information Series, Issue 4: Erasable Memory (FR-2-104)

    MIT Instrumentation Laboratory / Raytheon Company

    FR-2-104, changed 25 September 1963, originally classified CONFIDENTIAL; scan in the Virtual AGC document library, ibiblio.org/apollo

    P 1963 summarized E08-f32-agcis-4-erasable-memory

  25. Block II Restarts, MIT Instrumentation Laboratory memorandum AG #58-57, 23 February 1967, to NASA Manned Spacecraft Center (with enclosures)

    John E. Miller, Technical Director, G&N System, MIT Instrumentation Laboratory (transmitted through the NASA Resident Apollo Office at MIT)

    MIT Instrumentation Laboratory memorandum AG #58-57, 23 February 1967, addressed to NASA MSC Houston, attention Mr. W. Kelly; scan ('restarts packet', 23 pp.) in the Virtual AGC document library, ibiblio.org/apollo

    P 1967 gathered E08-f33-mit-block-ii-restarts-memo-1967

  26. Design Principles for a General Control Computer (R-276)

    R. Alonso and J. H. Laning, Jr., MIT Instrumentation Laboratory

    MIT Instrumentation Laboratory Report R-276, April 1960; reprinted January 1962 under NASA Contract NAS 9-153. Scanned in the MIT HRST Apollo archive, hosted by Virtual AGC (ibiblio) as archive/1036b.pdf

    P 1960 summarized E08-f40-alonso-laning-r276-design-principles-1960

  27. J. HALCOMBE LANING (1920-2012), National Academy of Engineering Memorial Tribute

    Donald C. Fraser (former Draper Laboratory president; colleague of Laning)

    National Academy of Engineering, Memorial Tributes: Volume 22, Washington DC: The National Academies Press, pp. 193-196. doi:10.17226/25543

    S 2019 disputed E08-f41-nae-memorial-tribute-laning-2019

  28. MIT News on the Hamilton photograph and on her title: 'Scene at MIT: Margaret Hamilton's Apollo code' (2016) and 'Behind the scenes of the Apollo mission at MIT' (2019)

    MIT News Office (2016 piece unsigned; 2019 piece quotes Jaime Peraire and Dan Lickly)

    MIT News, 17 August 2016; and MIT News, 18 July 2019

    J 2016 summarized E08-f42-mit-news-hamilton-photograph-and-title

  29. Making Core Memory: Design Inquiry into Gendered Legacies of Engineering and Craftwork

    Daniela K. Rosner, Samantha Shorey, Brock Craft, Helen Remick

    Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (ACM CHI 2018), peer reviewed

    S 2018 summarized E08-f45-rosner-making-core-memory-chi-2018

  30. AGC4 Basic Training Manual, Volume I of II (E-2052)

    Bernard I. Savage and Alice Drake, Computer Consultants, Incorporated, for the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory; approved by E. M. Copps Jr., Director, Guidance Programming, Apollo Guidance and Navigation Program; reviewed by Hugh Blair-Smith

    MIT Instrumentation Laboratory report E-2052, January 1967; scan hosted by the Virtual AGC project (NARA-SW collection)

    P 1967 summarized E08-g02-savage-drake-agc4-basic-training-manual

  31. Apollo Guidance Computer History Project, Second Conference (software design and management), 14 September 2001, edited transcript

    Participants: Margaret Hamilton, Fred Martin, Dan Lickly, Alex Kosmala, Jim Miller, Ramon Alonso, Herb Thaler; convened and edited by Slava Gerovitch, David Mindell and Alexander Brown, Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology, MIT

    Apollo Guidance Computer History Project, hrst.mit.edu (Dibner Institute, MIT). The Dibner Institute closed and the site is gone; read through the Internet Archive.

    P 2001 summarized E08-g03-agc-history-project-conference2-software

  32. Apollo Guidance Computer History Project, Fourth Conference, 6 September 2002, 'Documents and Restarts': Edward M. Copps on restart protection

    Edward M. Copps Jr. (Director, Guidance Programming, MIT Instrumentation Laboratory), with Dan Lickly, John Miller, Fred Martin, David Mindell and Alexander Brown

    Apollo Guidance Computer History Project, hrst.mit.edu (Dibner Institute, MIT); read through the Internet Archive

    P 2002 summarized E08-g04-copps-restarts-conference4

  33. Recovery from Transient Failures of the Apollo Guidance Computer (E-2307)

    Edward M. Copps, Jr., MIT Instrumentation Laboratory

    MIT Instrumentation Laboratory report E-2307, August 1968; to be presented at the AIAA Guidance, Control and Flight Dynamics Conference, Pasadena, California, 12-14 August 1968. Scan from the MIT Dibner Institute HRST archive, hosted by the Virtual AGC project

    P 1968 summarized E08-g05-copps-e2307-recovery-transient-failures-1968

  34. Annotations to Eldon Hall's Journey to the Moon: The History of the Apollo Guidance Computer

    Hugh Blair-Smith (MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, joined September 1959; author of the YUL assembler)

    Etext written by Blair-Smith for the MIT Dibner Institute AGC History Project; hosted by the Virtual AGC project (not a scan

    P 1997 summarized E08-g06-blair-smith-annotations-journey-to-the-moon

E09 1969-1983 Unix, C, minicomputers, the portability argument 40 records

  1. The Development of the C Language

    Dennis M. Ritchie

    Second ACM SIGPLAN History of Programming Languages conference (HOPL-II), Cambridge, Mass., April 1993; collected in History of Programming Languages-II, ACM Press / Addison-Wesley, 1996

    P 1993 summarized E09-g01-ritchie-development-of-c

  2. The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System

    Dennis M. Ritchie

    Language Design and Programming Methodology conference, Sydney, September 1979; proceedings as Lecture Notes in Computer Science #79 (Springer-Verlag, 1980); reprinted AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal 63 No. 6 Part 2, October 1984, pp. 1577-93

    P 1979 (delivered and published); reprinted 1984 summarized E09-g02-ritchie-evolution-of-unix

  3. The UNIX Time-Sharing System

    D. M. Ritchie and K. Thompson

    Bell System Technical Journal 57 no. 6 part 2 (July-August 1978); revised from Communications of the ACM 17 no. 7 (July 1974), pp. 365-375; itself revised from a paper at the Fourth ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, Yorktown Heights, October 15-17, 1973

    P 1973 (conference) -> 1974 (CACM) -> 1978 (BSTJ revision, the text held) summarized E09-g03-ritchie-thompson-unix-time-sharing-system

  4. Portability of C Programs and the UNIX System

    S. C. Johnson and D. M. Ritchie

    Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 57, No. 6, Part 2, July-August 1978, pp. 2021-2048

    P 1978 summarized E09-g04-johnson-ritchie-portability-bstj-1978

  5. UNIX Time-Sharing System: A Retrospective

    D. M. Ritchie

    Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 57, No. 6, Part 2, July-August 1978; originally presented at the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Honolulu, 1977

    P 1977 (delivered) / 1978 (published) summarized E09-g05-ritchie-unix-retrospective-bstj-1978

  6. A UNIX Operating System for the DEC VAX-11/780 Computer

    Thomas B. London and John F. Reiser

    Internal Bell Laboratories memorandum, dated 7 July 1978 (the work that became the 32V distribution)

    P 1978 summarized E09-g06-london-reiser-32v-memo-1978

  7. A Research UNIX Reader: Annotated Excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971-1986

    M. Douglas McIlroy

    Computing Science Technical Report No. 139, AT&T Bell Laboratories

    P 1987 summarized E09-g07-mcilroy-research-unix-reader

  8. Notes for a Unix talk (files 'notes1' and 'notes2' from the DECtape labelled DMR)

    Dennis M. Ritchie

    Unpublished internal Bell Labs talk notes, dated 15 March 1972 on the recovered DECtape; published on Ritchie's home page with HTML markup added September 1997

    P 1972 summarized E09-g08-ritchie-notes-for-unix-talk-1972

  9. A Tutorial Introduction to the Language B (in: The Programming Language B, CSTR #8)

    B. W. Kernighan; report jointly with S. C. Johnson

    Bell Laboratories Computing Science Technical Report #8, January 1973

    P 1973 summarized E09-g09-kernighan-b-tutorial-hello-world

  10. Users' Reference to B

    Ken Thompson

    Internal Bell Laboratories Technical Memorandum dated 7 January 1972 (PDP-11 version of B)

    P 1972 gathered E09-g10-thompson-users-reference-to-b-1972

  11. LGP-30 Royal Precision Electronic Digital Computer: ACT I Compiler

    Royal McBee Corporation, data processing division; preface signed Clay S. Boswell, Jr.

    Royal McBee Corporation manual, copyright 1959, Port Chester, N.Y. Scanned by bitsavers.org

    P 1959 summarized E09-g11-royal-mcbee-act1-compiler-manual-1959

  12. The Story of Mel, a Real Programmer, as reposted to net.jokes under the subject 'The realest programmer of all'

    Text attributed within the posting to Ed Nather (utastro!nather); reposted by Matt Crawford (matt@oddjob.UChicago.UUCP)

    Usenet, net.jokes, Message-ID <531@oddjob.UChicago.UUCP>, dated Tue, 20-Nov-84 03:32:35 EST. Read from the Internet Archive's usenet-net collection, file net.jokes.mbox

    P 1984 disputed E09-g12-story-of-mel-usenet-1984-repost

  13. Reflections on Trusting Trust

    Ken Thompson

    ACM Turing Award Lecture, 1983 award; Communications of the ACM 27, 8 (August 1984), pp. 761-763

    P 1983 (award) / 1984 (publication) summarized E09-g13-thompson-reflections-on-trusting-trust

  14. Five Little Languages and How They Grew: Talk at HOPL

    Dennis M. Ritchie

    Talk given at the Second ACM SIGPLAN History of Programming Languages conference, Cambridge, Mass., April 1993; transcript published by Ritchie March 2002, copyright 1996 ACM

    P 1993 (delivered) / 1996 (ACM copyright) / 2002 (published online) summarized E09-g14-ritchie-hopl-talk-five-little-languages

  15. net.lang, November-December 1983: the 'Anti-CLU... Anti-Strong-Typing...' / 'Strong Typing and Ignorance' / 'CLU and Calvinism' thread

    Chip Elliott (dartvax), Don Chan (utcsrgv), Mark Weiser (umcp-cs), Pavel Curtis (Rice/Cornell), Kenneth Almquist (hou3c) and others

    Usenet newsgroup net.lang. Read from the Internet Archive's usenet-net collection, file net.lang.mbox

    P 1983 summarized E09-g15-netlang-1983-strong-typing-argument

  16. Unix Programmer's Manual, First Edition (3 November 1971), Ritchie's introduction and provenance note to the scanned/OCR'd edition

    Dennis M. Ritchie (introduction); manual by K. Thompson and D. M. Ritchie

    Bell Telephone Laboratories, 3 November 1971; scanned and OCR'd by Ritchie and published on his home page

    P 1971 gathered E09-g16-unix-first-edition-manual-1971

  17. Odd Comments and Strange Doings in Unix

    Dennis M. Ritchie

    Page on Ritchie's Bell Labs home page, explaining the origin of two much-quoted artefacts of Sixth Edition Unix (c. 1975)

    P 2000 summarized E09-g17-ritchie-odd-comments-strange-doings

  18. Unix Portability (internal proposal memo to Elliot Pinson)

    S. C. Johnson and D. M. Ritchie

    Undated internal Bell Laboratories memo; internal evidence ('around March, 1976') places it at approximately the beginning of 1976. Published by Ritchie, copyright note 1998

    P undated; c. early 1976 (inferred) summarized E09-g18-johnson-ritchie-unix-portability-proposal-1976

  19. C Reference Manual (Bell Laboratories Technical Memorandum TM-74-1273-1)

    D. M. Ritchie

    Bell Laboratories Technical Memorandum, dated 15 January 1974; scanned from the original paper and published as a PDF image by Ritchie

    P 1974 summarized E09-g19-c-reference-manual-tm-1974

  20. Primeval C: two very early compilers (last1120c and prestruct-c)

    Dennis M. Ritchie (curatorial note); compiler source by Ritchie

    Source recovered from DECtapes read by Paul Vixie and Keith Bostic; published with Ritchie's commentary on his Bell Labs home page

    P 1972-1973 summarized E09-g20-ritchie-primeval-c-compilers

  21. A Commentary on the Sixth Edition UNIX Operating System, Preface and Chapter 1 (Introduction)

    John Lions, Department of Computer Science, University of New South Wales

    University of New South Wales, Kensington NSW, May 1977; prepared for courses 6.602B and 6.657G. Read in the complete HTML transcription of the commentary volume published at warsus.github.io

    P 1977 summarized E09-p401-lions-commentary-preface-case-study

  22. A Commentary on the Sixth Edition UNIX Operating System, Chapter 3, 'Reading “C” Programs', and Chapter 26, 'Suggested Exercises'

    John Lions, Department of Computer Science, University of New South Wales

    University of New South Wales, Kensington NSW, May 1977. Read in the complete HTML transcription of the commentary volume published at warsus.github.io

    P 1977 summarized E09-p402-lions-commentary-reading-c-programs

  23. Unix Oral History Project: interview with Dennis M. Ritchie

    Interviewer Michael S. Mahoney (Princeton); interviewee Dennis M. Ritchie

    Michael S. Mahoney's Unix oral history project, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill. Transcript hosted by The Unix Heritage Society

    P c. 1989 summarized E09-p403-mahoney-ritchie-oral-history

  24. Unix Oral History Project: interview with Ken Thompson, 9-6-89

    Interviewer Michael S. Mahoney (Princeton); interviewee Ken Thompson

    Michael S. Mahoney's Unix oral history project, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill. Transcript hosted by The Unix Heritage Society

    P 1989-09-06 summarized E09-p404-mahoney-thompson-oral-history

  25. Unix Oral History Project: interview with Brian W. Kernighan

    Interviewer Michael S. Mahoney (Princeton); interviewee Brian W. Kernighan

    Michael S. Mahoney's Unix oral history project, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill. Transcript hosted by The Unix Heritage Society

    P c. 1989 summarized E09-p405-mahoney-kernighan-oral-history

  26. Unix Oral History Project: interview with M. Douglas McIlroy

    Interviewer Michael S. Mahoney (Princeton); interviewee M. Douglas McIlroy

    Michael S. Mahoney's Unix oral history project, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill. Transcript hosted by The Unix Heritage Society

    P c. 1989 summarized E09-p406-mahoney-mcilroy-oral-history

  27. Unix Oral History Project: interview with Joseph H. Condon

    Interviewer Michael S. Mahoney (Princeton); interviewee Joe Condon

    Michael S. Mahoney's Unix oral history project, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill. Transcript hosted by The Unix Heritage Society

    P c. 1989 summarized E09-p407-mahoney-condon-oral-history

  28. Unix Oral History Project: interview with Lorinda L. Cherry

    Interviewer Michael S. Mahoney (Princeton); interviewee Lorinda Cherry

    Michael S. Mahoney's Unix oral history project, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill. Transcript hosted by The Unix Heritage Society

    P c. 1989 summarized E09-p408-mahoney-cherry-oral-history

  29. Unix Oral History Project: interview with Berkley A. Tague

    Interviewer Michael S. Mahoney (Princeton); interviewee Berkley Tague

    Michael S. Mahoney's Unix oral history project, Bell Laboratories. Transcript hosted by The Unix Heritage Society

    P c. 1989 summarized E09-p409-mahoney-tague-oral-history

  30. Unix Oral History Project: interview with Samuel P. Morgan

    Interviewer Michael S. Mahoney (Princeton); interviewee Sam Morgan

    Michael S. Mahoney's Unix oral history project, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill. Transcript hosted by The Unix Heritage Society

    P c. 1989 summarized E09-p410-mahoney-morgan-oral-history

  31. Unix Oral History Project: interview with A. G. (Sandy) Fraser

    Interviewer Michael S. Mahoney (Princeton); interviewee Sandy Fraser

    Michael S. Mahoney's Unix oral history project, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill. Transcript hosted by The Unix Heritage Society

    P c. 1989 summarized E09-p411-mahoney-fraser-oral-history

  32. LEARN, Computer-Aided Instruction on UNIX (Second Edition)

    M. E. Lesk and B. W. Kernighan

    UNIX Programmer's Manual, Seventh Edition, Volume 2, paper 7, pp. 109-122. Read in the 1983 Holt, Rinehart and Winston printing scanned at bitsavers (ISBN 0-03-061743-X)

    P 1979 summarized E09-p412-kernighan-lesk-learn-cai

  33. UNIX For Beginners, Second Edition

    Brian W. Kernighan

    Dated September 1978. UNIX Programmer's Manual, Seventh Edition, Volume 2, paper 3, pp. 39-53. Read in the 1983 Holt, Rinehart and Winston printing scanned at bitsavers (ISBN 0-03-061743-X)

    P 1978 summarized E09-p413-kernighan-unix-for-beginners

  34. A Tutorial Introduction to the UNIX Text Editor

    Brian W. Kernighan

    Dated September 21, 1978. UNIX Programmer's Manual, Seventh Edition, Volume 2, paper 4, pp. 54-64. Read in the 1983 Holt, Rinehart and Winston printing scanned at bitsavers

    P 1978 summarized E09-p414-kernighan-ed-tutorial-method

  35. Programming in C, A Tutorial

    Brian W. Kernighan, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, N. J.

    Bell Laboratories internal memorandum, distributed with Fifth and Sixth Edition UNIX as one of the 'UNIX Documents'. Electronic reprint from Dennis Ritchie's home page

    P undated in the surviving copy; conventionally 1974 summarized E09-p415-kernighan-programming-in-c-tutorial

  36. Twenty Years of Berkeley Unix: From AT&T-Owned to Freely Redistributable

    Marshall Kirk McKusick

    In Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution, O'Reilly, 1st edition January 1999, ISBN 1-56592-582-3. Published in full by the publisher

    S 1999 summarized E09-p416-mckusick-twenty-years-berkeley-unix

  37. net.unix-wizards / net.unix, December 1985, March 1986: the thread 'Locating a copy of \

    Dave Grajeda (ptsfa), David Morton (ecrcvax), Ronald Boyd (cylixd), Wayne Hamilton (uiucuxc), reposted by Walter Underwood (hpcea)

    Usenet, newsgroups net.wanted, net.unix, net.unix-wizards, net.wanted.sources. Read from the Internet Archive's usenet-net collection, file net.unix-wizards.mbox

    P 1985 summarized E09-p417-usenet-locating-the-lions-document

  38. UNIX Programmer's Manual, Seventh Edition, Volume 2, annotated table of contents

    Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated; annotations by the editors of the volume

    Seventh Edition UNIX documentation, January 1979; read in the 1983 Holt, Rinehart and Winston printing scanned at bitsavers, ISBN 0-03-061743-X, contents at pp. v-vi

    P 1979 summarized E09-p418-v7-manual-vol2-curriculum

  39. Unix Oral History Project: interview with Robert Morris

    Interviewer Michael S. Mahoney (Princeton); interviewee Robert Morris

    Michael S. Mahoney's Unix oral history project, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill. Transcript hosted by The Unix Heritage Society

    P c. 1989 summarized E09-p419-mahoney-morris-oral-history

  40. net.unix-wizards / net.usenix, July-August 1985: the thread 'Disillusionment with Usenix tutorial'

    Dave (tekadg!davidl), Richard Kelley (ecsvax), Rusty Wright (sdcarl), and the USENIX tutorial coordinator (hcradm)

    Usenet, newsgroups net.cse, net.unix, net.unix-wizards, net.usenix. Read from the Internet Archive's usenet-net collection, file net.unix-wizards.mbox

    P 1985 summarized E09-p420-usenet-usenix-tutorial-thread-1985

E10 1975-1990 Personal computers, BASIC, the hobbyist, software as a product 42 records

  1. An Open Letter to Hobbyists (in Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter, Volume 2, Issue 1)

    Bill Gates (letter); Robert Reiling (newsletter editor)

    Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter, Vol. 2, Issue 1, Mountain View, CA

    P 1976 summarized E10-h01-gates-open-letter-hobbyists

  2. Letter to Bill Gates, 20 February 1976 (in Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter, Volume 2, Issue 2)

    Mike Hayes, MNH-Applied Electronics; Robert Reiling (newsletter editor)

    Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter, Vol. 2, Issue 2, Mountain View, CA

    P 1976 summarized E10-h02-hcc-v2n2-hayes-reply-to-gates

  3. How do we tell truths that might hurt? (EWD498)

    Edsger W. Dijkstra

    E.W. Dijkstra Archive, Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin

    P 1975 summarized E10-h03-dijkstra-ewd498-basic-mutilated

  4. Editor's Preface, Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia, Volume One (bound volume)

    Jim C. Warren, Jr.

    People's Computer Company, Menlo Park, CA. Library of Congress No. 77-73015; ISBN 0-918790-01-8

    P 1977 summarized E10-h04-ddj-vol1-warren-editors-preface

  5. A Critical Look at BASIC (Dr. Dobb's Journal, Vol. 1 No. 2, February 1976; reprinted from the Second Annual Computer Communications Conference, 1973)

    Dennis Allison

    Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia, Vol. 1 No. 2 (originally in Timesharing: Past, Present, Future, Proc. Second Annual Computer Communications Conference, San Jose, January 1973)

    P 1973 (delivered) / February 1976 (DDJ reprint, the text held) summarized E10-h05-allison-critical-look-at-basic

  6. ALTAIR 8800: The most powerful minicomputer project ever presented, can be built for under $400 (and editorial, 'The Home Computer Is Here!')

    H. Edward Roberts and William Yates (article); Popular Electronics editorial staff (editorial)

    Popular Electronics, Vol. 7 No. 1, January 1975, pp. 33ff

    P 1975 summarized E10-h06-popular-electronics-1975-01-altair

  7. What is BYTE?, the founding editorial of BYTE, Issue #1, bylined Carl Helmers [TITLE CORRECTED 2026-08-04; was '(the first) editorial: The Home Brew Computing Trilogy, BYTE, Issue #1', which took the pp. 5-6 running head for the title. See Page-image pass 2026-08-04.]

    Carl Helmers (editorial, bylined on printed p. 4; masthead form 'Carl T. Helmers Jr.', no comma, no full stop); Green Publishing, Inc. [CORRECTED 2026-08-04; the earlier form 'Carl T. Helmers, Jr.' is not what p. 9 prints]

    BYTE: the small systems journal, Issue #1, September 1975

    P 1975 summarized E10-h07-byte-issue-01-first-editorial

  8. What's DDJCC All About? (editorial, Dr. Dobb's Journal Vol. 1 No. 2, February 1976)

    Jim C. Warren, Jr.

    Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia, Vol. 1 No. 2, February 1976, p. 3

    P 1976 summarized E10-h08-ddj-warren-whats-it-all-about-free-software

  9. Build Your Own BASIC / Design Notes for Tiny BASIC (Dr. Dobb's Journal Vol. 1 No. 1, January 1976; reprinted from People's Computer Company)

    Dennis Allison, 'happy Lady', and friends

    Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia, Vol. 1 No. 1 (reprinted from People's Computer Company Vol. 3 No. 4 and Vol. 4 No. 2)

    P 1976 summarized E10-h09-allison-tiny-basic-design-notes

  10. On the cruelty of really teaching computing science (EWD1036)

    Edsger W. Dijkstra

    E.W. Dijkstra Archive, Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin (handwritten manuscript)

    P 1988 (EWD1036; exact date and place not on the manuscript) summarized E10-h10-dijkstra-ewd1036-cruelty-teaching

  11. Altair BASIC, Not Just Anybody's BASIC (MITS advertisement/product announcement, Creative Computing, September-October 1975) [CORRECTED 2026-08-04: there are TWO full-page MITS advertisements in this issue, leaf n2 'INSIDE the Altair Computer' and leaf n6 'MITS Altair Computer Report II', carrying two different price tables. This record covers both. See Page-image pass 2026-08-04.]

    MITS, Inc. (Albuquerque, New Mexico)

    Creative Computing, September-October 1975

    P 1975 summarized E10-h11-mits-altair-basic-advertisement-1975

  12. BASIC Language, Pro and Con (letters column, Creative Computing, September-October 1975)

    A. D. Robbi; Mary Lou Fox; John Levine; Andrew S. Glassner; Chris Connors; one correspondent signed 'Name withheld by request'; DHA (editorial replies)

    Creative Computing, September-October 1975

    P 1975 summarized E10-h12-creative-computing-basic-pro-and-con

  13. 101 BASIC Computer Games (Digital Equipment Corporation, 3rd printing, March 1975)

    Digital Equipment Corporation (compiled/edited by David H. Ahl; preface dated July 1973)

    Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Massachusetts. Scanned by bitsavers

    P 1975 summarized E10-h13-dec-101-basic-computer-games-1975

  14. A Note (founding editor's fifth-anniversary editorial), BYTE Volume 5 Number 9, September 1980, 'Homebrewing' issue

    Carl T. Helmers, Jr. (Founding Editor, BYTE)

    BYTE, Vol. 5 No. 9, September 1980, p. 10

    P 1980 summarized E10-h14-byte-fifth-anniversary-1980

  15. Letter to Bill Gates from Charles L. Pack (Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter, Volume 2, Issue 3)

    Charles L. Pack

    Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter, Vol. 2, Issue 3, Mountain View, CA

    P c. March 1976 (issue undated) summarized E10-h15-hcc-v2n3-pack-supports-gates

  16. Sixteen-byte 8080 bootstrap loader, DATA FILE (Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter, Volume 2, Issue 4, 30 April 1976)

    Li-Chen Wang (printed as 'Lichen Wang')

    Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter, Vol. 2, Issue 4, Mountain View, CA

    P 1976 summarized E10-h16-lichen-wang-bootstrap-reply-to-gates

  17. The Li-Chen Wang copyleft notice, READ FROM THE PAGE IMAGE 2026-08-04: '@COPYLEFT' and 'ALL WRONGS RESERVED', two centred lines, no punctuation between them [TITLE CORRECTED 2026-08-04; the filename still says 'unverified' and is kept only for citation stability. Previous title, retained as the record of what this file claimed: \

    Li-Chen Wang (attributed); record compiled from Dr. Dobb's Journal Vol. 1 (1976/1977 bound reprint)

    Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia, Vol. 1 No. 5, May 1976, 'Palo Alto Tiny BASIC'

    P 1976 summarized E10-h17-wang-copyleft-notice-unverified

  18. Education Forum: New Cultures from New Technologies (BYTE, September 1980, p. 230)

    Seymour Papert, Project LOGO, MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory

    BYTE, Vol. 5 No. 9, September 1980, pp. 229-240

    P 1980 summarized E10-h18-papert-new-cultures-byte-1980

  19. MITS Altair 8800 Price List, April 1, 1975

    MITS, Inc., Albuquerque, New Mexico

    MITS price list, 1 April 1975. Scanned by bitsavers

    P 1975 summarized E10-h19-mits-altair-price-list-april-1975

  20. MITS Altair BASIC Reference Manual (1975)

    MITS, Inc. (interpreter credited in the text to Bill Gates, Paul Allen and Monte Davidoff)

    MITS, Inc., Albuquerque, New Mexico. © MITS, Inc., 1975. Scanned by bitsavers

    P 1975 summarized E10-h20-mits-altair-basic-reference-manual-1975

  21. Editorial: History repeats itself ... I hope (Dr. Dobb's Journal Vol. 1 No. 4, April 1976, p. 3)

    Jim C. Warren, Jr.

    Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia, Vol. 1 No. 4, April 1976

    P 1976 summarized E10-h21-warren-history-repeats-itself-1976

  22. Bill Budge interview, in Halcyon Days: Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Game Programmers

    Bill Budge, interviewed by James Hague

    Halcyon Days (James Hague, 1997; free web version 2002; version 1.1, November 2018)

    P 1997 (book) / 2002 (free web version) / 2018 (version 1.1) summarized E10-p501-halcyon-budge-a-few-weeks

  23. Warren Schwader interview, in Halcyon Days: Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Game Programmers

    Warren Schwader, interviewed by James Hague

    Halcyon Days (James Hague, 1997; free web version 2002; version 1.1, November 2018)

    P 1997 summarized E10-p502-halcyon-schwader-three-years

  24. Marc Goodman interview, in Halcyon Days: Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Game Programmers

    Marc Goodman, interviewed by James Hague

    Halcyon Days (James Hague, 1997; free web version 2002; version 1.1, November 2018)

    P 1997 summarized E10-p503-halcyon-goodman-first-program-at-twelve

  25. Jeff Minter interview, in Halcyon Days: Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Game Programmers

    Jeff Minter, interviewed by James Hague

    Halcyon Days (James Hague, 1997; free web version 2002; version 1.1, November 2018)

    P 1997 summarized E10-p504-halcyon-minter-taught-meself-basic

  26. Archer MacLean interview, in Halcyon Days: Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Game Programmers

    Archer MacLean, interviewed by James Hague

    Halcyon Days (James Hague, 1997; free web version 2002; version 1.1, November 2018)

    P 1997 summarized E10-p505-halcyon-maclean-no-documentation

  27. Tom Griner interview, in Halcyon Days: Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Game Programmers

    Tom Griner, interviewed by James Hague

    Halcyon Days (James Hague, 1997; free web version 2002; version 1.1, November 2018)

    P 1997 summarized E10-p506-halcyon-griner-shop-window-machine

  28. Scott Ludwig interview, in Halcyon Days: Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Game Programmers

    Scott Ludwig, interviewed by James Hague

    Halcyon Days (James Hague, 1997; free web version 2002; version 1.1, November 2018)

    P 1997 summarized E10-p507-halcyon-ludwig-525-dollars

  29. Philip Price interview, in Halcyon Days: Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Game Programmers

    Philip Price, interviewed by James Hague

    Halcyon Days (James Hague, 1997; free web version 2002; version 1.1, November 2018)

    P 1997 summarized E10-p508-halcyon-price-reverse-engineering-hawaii

  30. Jon Freeman and Anne Westfall interview, in Halcyon Days: Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Game Programmers

    Anne Westfall and Jon Freeman, interviewed by James Hague

    Halcyon Days (James Hague, 1997; free web version 2002; version 1.1, November 2018)

    P 1997 summarized E10-p509-halcyon-westfall-documentation-and-one-book

  31. Chris Crawford interview, in Halcyon Days: Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Game Programmers

    Chris Crawford, interviewed by James Hague

    Halcyon Days (James Hague, 1997; free web version 2002; version 1.1, November 2018)

    P 1997 summarized E10-p510-halcyon-crawford-three-years-experience

  32. Apple II BASIC Programming Manual (Apple Computer, Inc., 1978), written by Jef Raskin

    Jef Raskin, for Apple Computer, Inc.

    Apple Computer, Inc., Cupertino, California. Apple Product #A2L0005X. Internet Archive scan

    P 1978 summarized E10-p511-apple-ii-basic-programming-manual-raskin

  33. Sinclair ZX81 BASIC Programming (Second Edition, 1981), by Steven Vickers

    Steven Vickers, for Sinclair Research Limited

    Sinclair Research Limited. Internet Archive scan (2nd edition, © 1980 Sinclair Research Limited)

    P 1981 summarized E10-p512-zx81-basic-programming-vickers-unprogrammed-learning

  34. Commodore 64 User's Guide (Commodore Business Machines, 1982)

    Commodore Business Machines, Inc.

    Commodore Business Machines. Internet Archive scan, item `commodore64usermanual`

    P 1982 summarized E10-p513-commodore-64-users-guide-not-in-a-day

  35. BBC Microcomputer System User Guide (Acorn/BBC, issue 1, October 1984; original edition by John Coll, edited by David Allen)

    John Coll (original edition); edited by David Allen; amendments by Acorn Computers Limited

    Published by the British Broadcasting Corporation; part no 0433 000. Internet Archive scan, item `BBCUG`

    P 1984 summarized E10-p514-bbc-micro-user-guide-not-a-course

  36. 30 Hour BASIC (National Extension College correspondence course M027, 1981; BBC Computer edition)

    Clive Prigmore (Orpington College of Further Education), for the National Extension College

    National Extension College Trust Limited, Cambridge. Tie-in with The Computer Programme, BBC TV. Internet Archive scan

    P 1981 summarized E10-p515-30-hour-basic-nec-correspondence-course

  37. The Automatic Proofreader (COMPUTE!'s Gazette, Issue 13, July 1984, pp. 131-132)

    COMPUTE! Publications, Inc.

    COMPUTE!'s Gazette for Commodore, Issue 13, July 1984. Internet Archive scan

    P 1984 summarized E10-p516-gazette-automatic-proofreader

  38. A Beginner's Guide To Typing In Programs, The Beginner's Corner, and the two-hour BASIC video course (COMPUTE!'s Gazette, Issue 13, July 1984)

    COMPUTE! Publications, Inc.; column by C. Regena; advertisement by Video Instruction Tapes

    COMPUTE!'s Gazette for Commodore, Issue 13, July 1984. Internet Archive scan

    P 1984 summarized E10-p517-gazette-beginners-guide-typing-in-programs

  39. 10 PRINT CHR$(205.5+RND(1)); : GOTO 10, the chapters on typing in programs, programs in print, and BASIC in human memory

    Nick Montfort, Patsy Baudoin, John Bell, Ian Bogost, Jeremy Douglass, Mark C. Marino, Michael Mateas, Casey Reas, Mark Sample, Noah Vawter

    MIT Press, Cambridge MA. Software Studies series. Author-hosted open-access PDF

    S 2013 summarized E10-p518-10print-programs-in-print

  40. 10 PRINT CHR$(205.5+RND(1)); : GOTO 10, BASIC in ROM, the advertised first evening, and the risk of learning from one-liners

    Nick Montfort, Patsy Baudoin, John Bell, Ian Bogost, Jeremy Douglass, Mark C. Marino, Michael Mateas, Casey Reas, Mark Sample, Noah Vawter

    MIT Press, Cambridge MA. Software Studies series. Author-hosted open-access PDF

    S 2013 summarized E10-p519-10print-basic-in-rom-and-one-liners

  41. Learning Level II (CompuSoft Publishing, 1979), by David A. Lien

    David A. Lien

    CompuSoft Publishing, a division of CompuSoft, Inc., San Diego. ISBN 0-932760-01-5; LCCN 79-91309. Internet Archive scan

    P 1979 summarized E10-p520-lien-learning-level-ii-trs80

  42. Basic Computer Games: Microcomputer Edition (Creative Computing, 1978), by David H. Ahl

    David H. Ahl

    Creative Computing / Workman Publishing. Internet Archive scan

    P 1978 summarized E10-p521-ahl-basic-computer-games-microcomputer-edition-1978

E11 1990-2000 OOP, Java, the IDE, RAD, "programming for the masses" 33 records

  1. No Silver Bullet, Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering (TR86-020)

    Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.

    University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Computer Science, Technical Report TR86-020

    P 1986 summarized E11-i01-brooks-no-silver-bullet-tr86-020

  2. The Java Language Environment: A White Paper

    James Gosling and Henry McGilton (Sun Microsystems)

    Sun Microsystems, java.sun.com/docs/white/langenv/

    P 1996 summarized E11-i02-gosling-mcgilton-java-white-paper

  3. Today the Web, Tomorrow the World

    Tom R. Halfhill

    BYTE, vol. 22 no. 1, January 1997, pp. 68ff.

    P 1997 summarized E11-i03-byte-1997-halfhill-java

  4. Answers to questions from students of Software Engineering (EWD1305)

    Edsger W. Dijkstra

    E.W. Dijkstra Archive, Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin

    P 2000 summarized E11-i04-dijkstra-ewd1305-answers-students

  5. A History of C++: 1979-1991

    Bjarne Stroustrup

    ACM SIGPLAN History of Programming Languages Conference II (HOPL-II); author's copy at stroustrup.com

    P 1993 summarized E11-i05-stroustrup-hopl2-history-of-cpp

  6. How the Learning Curve Affects CASE Tool Adoption

    Chris F. Kemerer (MIT Sloan School of Management)

    IEEE Software, vol. 9 no. 3, May 1992, pp. 23-28

    S 1992 summarized E11-i06-kemerer-1992-case-learning-curve

  7. Microsoft Announces Visual Basic 5.0, Professional Edition

    Microsoft Corp. (corporate press release)

    Microsoft press release, Redmond, Wash., 3 February 1997; archived on Microsoft's own news site

    P 1997 summarized E11-i07-microsoft-1997-vb5-intellisense-release

  8. Sun Brings True Interactivity to the World Wide Web

    Sun Microsystems, Inc. (corporate press release)

    Sun Microsystems press release, Mountain View, Calif., 23 May 1995 (SunFlash 950523.3421)

    P 1995 summarized E11-i08-sun-1995-java-launch-press-release

  9. The Java Language Specification, First Edition, Chapter 1, Introduction

    James Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy Steele

    Addison-Wesley / Sun Microsystems, published online at java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/

    P 1996 summarized E11-i10-java-language-specification-first-edition

  10. Netscape and Sun Announce JavaScript, the Open, Cross-Platform Object Scripting Language for Enterprise Networks and the Internet

    Netscape Communications Corporation and Sun Microsystems, Inc. (joint press release)

    Netscape press release, Mountain View, Calif., 4 December 1995 (newsrelease67)

    P 1995 summarized E11-i11-netscape-sun-1995-javascript-announcement

  11. Information Technology: Assessment of the Department of Commerce's Report on Workforce Demand and Supply (GAO/HEHS-98-106)

    United States General Accounting Office

    GAO report to congressional requesters, 20 March 1998; U.S. Government Publishing Office (govinfo)

    P 1998 summarized E11-i12-gao-1998-it-worker-shortage-assessment

  12. Software's Chronic Crisis

    W. Wayt Gibbs (staff writer, Scientific American)

    Scientific American, vol. 271 no. 3, September 1994, p. 86 ff. ('Trends in Computing')

    J 1994 summarized E11-i13-gibbs-1994-softwares-chronic-crisis

  13. Teach Yourself Programming in Ten Years

    Peter Norvig

    norvig.com (personal site), as captured by the Internet Archive 11 December 2001

    P 2001 summarized E11-i14-norvig-2001-teach-yourself-ten-years

  14. Year 2000 Computing Crisis: Strong Leadership Today Needed To Prevent Future Disruption of Government Services (GAO/T-AIMD-97-51)

    Joel C. Willemssen, Director, Information Resources Management, United States General Accounting Office

    Testimony before the Subcommittee on Government Management, Information and Technology, Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, U.S. House of Representatives, 24 February 1997

    P 1997 summarized E11-i15-gao-1997-year-2000-testimony

  15. Microsoft Visual J++ advertisement (full page)

    Microsoft Corporation (advertisement)

    BYTE, vol. 21 no. 12, December 1996, advertising pages (after p. 128)

    P 1996 gathered E11-i16-byte-1996-visual-jpp-advertisement

  16. 2017 CHM Fellow Alan Cooper: Father of Visual Basic

    Hansen Hsu, curator, CHM Software History Center

    Computer History Museum, CHM Blog, 11 April 2017

    S 2017 summarized E11-i17-chm-2017-alan-cooper-visual-basic

  17. Microsoft Announces Visual Studio 97, a Comprehensive Suite of Microsoft Visual Development Tools

    Microsoft Corp. (corporate press release)

    Microsoft press release, Redmond, Wash., 28 January 1997

    P 1997 summarized E11-i18-microsoft-1997-visual-studio-97-announcement

  18. Information Technology Workers: Employment and Starting Salaries (GAO/HEHS-98-159R)

    United States General Accounting Office

    GAO report to congressional requesters, 12 May 1998; U.S. Government Publishing Office (govinfo)

    P 1998 summarized E11-i19-gao-1998-it-workers-employment-salaries

  19. Defense Computers: DFAS Faces Challenges in Solving the Year 2000 Problem (GAO/AIMD-97-117)

    United States General Accounting Office

    GAO report to the Acting Director, Defense Finance and Accounting Service, August 1997; U.S. Government Publishing Office (govinfo)

    P 1997 summarized E11-i20-gao-1997-dfas-year-2000-cobol

  20. Software Tools: Defense Is Not Ready to Implement I-CASE Departmentwide (GAO/IMTEC-93-27)

    United States General Accounting Office

    GAO report, issued 9 June 1993, publicly released 22 June 1993; abstract as reproduced at gao.justia.com

    P 1993 gathered E11-i21-gao-1993-icase-not-ready

  21. A Career in Data Modeling (BYTE Special Report)

    J. L. Weldon

    BYTE, vol. 22 no. 6, June 1997, Special Report, p. 102 ff.

    P 1997 gathered E11-i22-byte-1997-weldon-data-modeling-case

  22. Computing Curricula 1991: Report of the ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Curriculum Task Force

    Allen B. Tucker (ed.), Bruce H. Barnes, et al.

    ACM (report dated 17 December 1990), acm.org/education/curr91, Internet Archive capture 6 August 2002

    P 1991 summarized E11-p603-acm-ieee-computing-curricula-1991

  23. Computing Curricula 2001, Computer Science, Final Report (December 15, 2001): the core and its hours

    The Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula, IEEE Computer Society / ACM (Eric Roberts and Gerald Engel, editors)

    ACM / IEEE-CS, cc2001.pdf, Internet Archive capture of acm.org/education/curric_vols/cc2001.pdf

    P 2001 summarized E11-p604-cc2001-core-hours

  24. Computing Curricula 2001, Chapter 7, Introductory Courses

    The Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula, IEEE Computer Society / ACM

    ACM / IEEE-CS, cc2001.pdf, Internet Archive capture of acm.org/education/curric_vols/cc2001.pdf

    P 2001 summarized E11-p605-cc2001-introductory-sequence

  25. Computing Curricula 2001, Chapter 11, Characteristics of CS Graduates

    The Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula, IEEE Computer Society / ACM

    ACM / IEEE-CS, cc2001.pdf, Internet Archive capture of acm.org/education/curric_vols/cc2001.pdf

    P 2001 summarized E11-p606-cc2001-characteristics-of-graduates

  26. Occupational Outlook Handbook, 1998-99 edition: Computer Programmers

    U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

    stats.bls.gov/oco/ocos110.htm, Internet Archive capture 30 April 1999

    P 1998 summarized E11-p607-bls-ooh-1998-computer-programmers

  27. MCSD Certification Requirements (posted 15 November 2001)

    Microsoft Corporation, Training and Certification

    microsoft.com/traincert/mcp/mcsd/requirements.asp, Internet Archive capture 14 December 2001

    P 2001 summarized E11-p608-microsoft-mcsd-requirements-2001

  28. The Java Tutorial: Getting Started, and 'Your First Cup of Java (for Win32)'

    Sun Microsystems (The Java Tutorial team)

    java.sun.com/tutorial, Internet Archive captures 18 February 1999, 18 October 2000 and 2 August 2002

    P 1999 summarized E11-p609-sun-java-tutorial-first-cup

  29. Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, Preface to the First Edition (and Foreword)

    Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman with Julie Sussman; Foreword by Alan J. Perlis

    MIT Press, second edition, publisher-hosted full text

    P 1996 summarized E11-p612-sicp-preface-first-edition

  30. How to Design Programs: An Introduction to Computing and Programming, Preface

    Matthias Felleisen, Robert Bruce Findler, Matthew Flatt, Shriram Krishnamurthi

    MIT Press; publisher-endorsed online edition, htdp.org, edition dated 2003-09-26

    P 2001 summarized E11-p613-htdp-preface-2001

  31. Being Fluent with Information Technology

    Committee on Information Technology Literacy, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, National Research Council

    National Academy Press, Washington DC; full text at nap.edu (doi 10.17226/6482)

    S 1999 summarized E11-p614-nrc-1999-being-fluent-with-it

  32. Sams Series (publisher series descriptions), Macmillan USA / Sams Publishing

    Sams Publishing (Macmillan USA)

    mcp.com/publishers/sams/series/, Internet Archive capture 16 August 2000

    P 2000 summarized E11-p619-sams-series-catalogue-2000

  33. Subject benchmark statement: Computing (Academic standards, Computing)

    Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (UK), Computing Benchmarking Committee

    QAA, Gloucester, ISBN 1 85824 489 7 (AR 009 4/2000); Internet Archive capture of qaa.ac.uk PDF

    P 2000 summarized E11-p621-qaa-2000-computing-benchmark

E12 1991-2005 Free software, open source, the web, the code you did not write 38 records

  1. What would you like to see most in minix? (Usenet article, comp.os.minix, Message-ID <1991Aug25.205708.9541@klaava.Helsinki.FI>), as preserved in the Internet Archive's full comp.os.minix mbox backup

    Linus Benedict Torvalds

    Usenet newsgroup comp.os.minix; archived copy in 'FULL-USENET-BACKUP-2020-Oct-comp.os.minix.(17560).mbox.7z', Internet Archive

    P 1991 summarized E12-j01-torvalds-1991-minix-announcement

  2. Notes for linux release 0.01 (RELNOTES-0.01)

    Linus Torvalds

    Linux Kernel Archives, Historic/old-versions

    P 1991 summarized E12-j02-linux-relnotes-0.01

  3. Appendix A: The Tanenbaum-Torvalds Debate

    Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Linus Torvalds, Ken Thompson, Theodore Y. Ts'o and others; compiled in Chris DiBona, Sam Ockman and Mark Stone (eds.)

    Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution, O'Reilly & Associates, 1st edition January 1999, ISBN 1-56592-582-3

    P 1999 summarized E12-j03-tanenbaum-torvalds-debate

  4. The Cathedral and the Bazaar (version 3.0)

    Eric Steven Raymond

    Self-published DocBook edition on catb.org; first presented at Linux Kongress, May 1997; printed by O'Reilly, 1999

    P 2000 summarized E12-j04-raymond-cathedral-bazaar

  5. GNU General Public License, Version 2, June 1991

    Free Software Foundation, Inc. (drafted by Richard Stallman with Eben Moglen)

    Free Software Foundation, old-licenses archive at gnu.org

    P 1991 summarized E12-j05-gnu-gpl-v2-1991

  6. The GNU Project

    Richard Stallman

    Originally published in Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution (O'Reilly, 1999); read in the author's revised gnu.org edition, which carries dated later footnotes (2008, 2009, 2017)

    P 1998 summarized E12-j06-stallman-the-gnu-project

  7. Why Software Should Be Free

    Richard Stallman

    Free Software Foundation; gnu.org philosophy archive. Copyright block reads '© 1991, 1992, 1998, 2006, 2010, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.'; page footer '$Date: 2021/09/20 15:06:49 $'

    P 1992 summarized E12-j07-stallman-why-software-should-be-free

  8. Re: Qualifiers on Hypertext links... (Usenet article, alt.hypertext, Message-ID <6484@cernvax.cern.ch>)

    Tim Berners-Lee

    Usenet newsgroup alt.hypertext, 6 August 1991; archived by W3C as art-6484.txt

    P 1991 summarized E12-j08-berners-lee-1991-alt-hypertext

  9. Scripting: Higher-Level Programming for the 21st Century

    John K. Ousterhout

    IEEE Computer, vol. 31 no. 3, March 1998, pp. 23-30

    P 1998 summarized E12-j09-ousterhout-scripting-1998

  10. An empirical comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl for a search/string-processing program

    Lutz Prechelt

    Universität Karlsruhe, Fakultät für Informatik, Technical Report 2000-5, 10 March 2000 (a condensed version appeared in IEEE Computer, October 2000)

    S 2000 summarized E12-j10-prechelt-seven-languages-2000

  11. Computer Programming for Everybody (Revised Proposal): A Scouting Expedition for the Programmers of Tomorrow

    Guido van Rossum (PI), Corporation for National Research Initiatives

    CNRI Proposal # 90120-1a to DARPA, July 1999 (revised version sent August 1999); published on python.org

    P 1999 summarized E12-j11-van-rossum-cp4e-1999

  12. Debian Social Contract, Version 1.0, including the Debian Free Software Guidelines

    Bruce Perens (drafter) and the Debian developers; concept suggested by Ean Schuessler

    Debian Project; ratified 5 July 1997; served by debian.org as the retained historical version

    P 1997 summarized E12-j12-debian-social-contract-1997

  13. The Open Source Definition (essay) + The Open Source Definition v1.4 (the document itself, as served by opensource.org in January 1999)

    Bruce Perens

    Chapter in Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution (O'Reilly, 1999), publisher's free openbook edition; plus the opensource.org OSD page captured by the Internet Archive, 17 January 1999

    P 1999 summarized E12-j13-perens-open-source-definition

  14. Halloween Document I (version 1.17): 'Open Source Software: A (New?) Development Methodology', leaked Microsoft internal memorandum, annotated

    Vinod Valloppillil (Microsoft, memorandum author); annotations by Eric S. Raymond

    Internal Microsoft strategy memorandum dated August 1998; leaked to and published by Eric S. Raymond, 31 October-1 November 1998, on catb.org

    P 1998 summarized E12-j14-halloween-document-i-1998

  15. nomo zilla: resignation and postmortem

    Jamie Zawinski

    jwz.org, dated 31 March 1999

    P 1999 summarized E12-j15-zawinski-resignation-1999

  16. The Law of Leaky Abstractions

    Joel Spolsky

    Joel on Software, 11 November 2002

    P 2002 summarized E12-j16-spolsky-leaky-abstractions-2002

  17. In Defense of Not-Invented-Here Syndrome

    Joel Spolsky

    Joel on Software, 14 October 2001

    P 2001 summarized E12-j17-spolsky-not-invented-here-2001

  18. The Linux Edge

    Linus Torvalds

    Chapter in Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution (O'Reilly, 1999), publisher's free openbook edition

    P 1999 summarized E12-j18-torvalds-the-linux-edge

  19. Netscape Announces Plans to Make Next-Generation Communicator Source Code Available Free on the Net

    Netscape Communications Corporation

    Netscape corporate press release, 22 January 1998 (home.netscape.com/newsref/pr/newsrelease558.html), captured by the Internet Archive 24 January 1998

    P 1998 summarized E12-j19-netscape-source-release-1998

  20. Open Source as a Business Strategy

    Brian Behlendorf

    Chapter in Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution (O'Reilly, 1999), publisher's free openbook edition

    P 1999 summarized E12-j20-behlendorf-open-source-business

  21. Perl, the first postmodern computer language

    Larry Wall

    Talk given at Linux World, Wednesday 3 March 1999; text published on perl.com 9 March 1999 and on the author's own site wall.org

    P 1999 summarized E12-j21-larry-wall-postmodern-1999

  22. Fuzz Revisited: A Re-examination of the Reliability of UNIX Utilities and Services

    Barton P. Miller, David Koski, Cjin Pheow Lee, Vivekananda Maganty, Ravi Murthy, Ajitkumar Natarajan, Jeff Steidl

    Computer Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, October 1995 (Technical Report TR1268)

    S 1995 summarized E12-j22-miller-fuzz-revisited-1995

  23. Beating the Averages

    Paul Graham

    paulgraham.com, dated 'April 2001, rev. April 2003'; derived from a talk given at the 2001 Franz Developer Symposium

    P 2001 summarized E12-j23-graham-beating-the-averages

  24. How I coined the term 'open source'

    Christine Peterson

    Opensource.com, published 1 February 2018 (twentieth anniversary of the events described)

    J 2018 summarized E12-j25-peterson-coining-open-source

  25. RFC 1945: Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.0

    T. Berners-Lee (MIT/LCS), R. Fielding (UC Irvine), H. Frystyk (MIT/LCS)

    Network Working Group, Request for Comments 1945, Category: Informational, May 1996

    P 1996 gathered E12-j26-rfc1945-http10

  26. RELNOTES-0.12, Linux 0.12 release notes, containing the announcement of the licence change to the GNU copyleft

    Linus Torvalds

    Linux Kernel Archives, Historic/old-versions

    P 1992 summarized E12-j27-linux-012-gpl-switch

  27. The Netcraft Web Server Survey, January 1999

    Netcraft Ltd

    netcraft.com/survey/, as captured by the Internet Archive on 17 January 1999

    P 1999 summarized E12-j28-netcraft-survey-jan-1999

  28. How To Become A Hacker (Revision 1.7, 23 March 2001)

    Eric Steven Raymond

    tuxedo.org (personal site), Internet Archive capture 6 April 2001

    P 2001 summarized E12-p601-raymond-how-to-become-a-hacker-2001

  29. How To Ask Questions The Smart Way

    Eric Steven Raymond (with Rick Moen)

    tuxedo.org (personal site), Internet Archive capture 11 December 2001

    P 2001 summarized E12-p602-raymond-moen-smart-questions-2001

  30. A Beginner's Guide to HTML

    National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), University of Illinois

    ncsa.uiuc.edu, Internet Archive captures 17 January 1997 (full-length version) and 6 December 1998 (Part 1)

    P 1996 summarized E12-p610-ncsa-beginners-guide-to-html

  31. Python Tutorial, chapter 1: 'Whetting Your Appetite'

    Guido van Rossum (Python documentation)

    python.org/doc/current/tut, Internet Archive capture 12 October 1999

    P 1999 summarized E12-p611-python-tutorial-whetting-your-appetite

  32. The Perils of JavaSchools

    Joel Spolsky

    Joel on Software, 29 December 2005

    P 2005 summarized E12-p615-spolsky-2005-perils-of-javaschools

  33. Advice for Computer Science College Students

    Joel Spolsky

    Joel on Software, 2 January 2005

    P 2005 summarized E12-p616-spolsky-2005-advice-for-cs-students

  34. Undergraduation

    Paul Graham

    paulgraham.com (essay, March 2005), read live

    P 2005 summarized E12-p617-graham-2005-undergraduation

  35. MIT to make nearly all course materials available free on the World Wide Web

    MIT News Office

    web.mit.edu/newsoffice, press release 4 April 2001, Internet Archive capture 14 December 2001

    P 2001 summarized E12-p618-mit-opencourseware-2001-announcement

  36. Learn to Program: A Tutorial for the Future Programmer

    Chris Pine

    pine.fm/LearnToProgram, Internet Archive captures 8-9 June 2004

    P 2004 summarized E12-p620-pine-learn-to-program-2004

  37. comp.lang.c Frequently Asked Questions (the 'clc FAQ')

    Steve Summit

    c-faq.com, HTML version of the Usenet comp.lang.c FAQ; content from *C Programming FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions* (Addison-Wesley, 1995, ISBN 0-201-84519-9)

    P 1995 summarized E12-p622-comp-lang-c-faq-list

  38. Dive Into Python (free online edition, 25 March 2004)

    Mark Pilgrim

    diveintopython.org, Internet Archive captures 2004

    P 2004 summarized E12-p623-pilgrim-dive-into-python-2004

E13 2005-2015 Stack Overflow, GitHub, cloud, the answer already exists 43 records

  1. Stack Overflow Considered Harmful? The Impact of Copy&Paste on Android Application Security

    Felix Fischer, Konstantin Böttinger, Huang Xiao, Christian Stransky, Yasemin Acar, Michael Backes, Sascha Fahl

    38th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P 2017). Fraunhofer AISEC / CISPA, Saarland University. PDF served by the IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Security and Privacy conference site.

    P 2017 summarized E13-k01-fischer-stack-overflow-considered-harmful

  2. Social Coding in GitHub: Transparency and Collaboration in an Open Software Repository

    Laura Dabbish, Colleen Stuart, Jason Tsay, Jim Herbsleb (Carnegie Mellon University)

    CSCW '12: Proceedings of the ACM 2012 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, February 11-15 2012, Seattle, WA, pp. 1277-1286. DOI 10.1145/2145204.2145396. PDF copy served from the LRI (Univ. Paris-Sud) CSCW course page.

    P 2012 summarized E13-k02-dabbish-social-coding-github

  3. StackOverflow and GitHub: Associations Between Software Development and Crowdsourced Knowledge

    Bogdan Vasilescu, Vladimir Filkov, Alexander Serebrenik

    2013 ASE/IEEE International Conference on Social Computing (SocialCom). Authors' copy served by the CMU STRUDEL group.

    P 2013 summarized E13-k03-vasilescu-stackoverflow-github

  4. The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing (NIST Special Publication 800-145)

    Peter Mell and Timothy Grance, National Institute of Standards and Technology

    NIST Special Publication 800-145, Computer Security Division, Information Technology Laboratory, Gaithersburg MD. 7 pages, September 2011. (Errata table shows an editorial correction dated 4/27/2012.)

    P 2011 summarized E13-k04-nist-800-145-cloud-definition

  5. Usage and Attribution of Stack Overflow Code Snippets in GitHub Projects

    Sebastian Baltes, Stephan Diehl (University of Trier)

    Empirical Software Engineering (accepted 14 August 2018). Preprint arXiv:1802.02938v4 [cs.SE], 21 September 2018. Data drawn from the Stack Exchange dump of 18 August 2015 and GHTorrent of 25 September 2015.

    P 2018 summarized E13-k05-baltes-diehl-attribution-so-snippets

  6. Stack Overflow: A Code Laundering Platform?

    Le An, Ons Mlouki, Foutse Khomh, Giuliano Antoniol (SWAT-SOCCER Labs, Polytechnique Montréal)

    IEEE 24th International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER 2017). Preprint arXiv:1703.03897v1 [cs.SE], 11 March 2017.

    P 2017 summarized E13-k06-an-stack-overflow-code-laundering

  7. The Promises and Perils of Mining GitHub

    Eirini Kalliamvakou, Georgios Gousios, Kelly Blincoe, Leif Singer, Daniel M. German, Daniela Damian

    MSR 2014: Proceedings of the 11th Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories. DOI 10.1145/2597073.2597074. Post-peer-review, pre-copyedit author version served from the authors' site.

    P 2014 summarized E13-k07-kalliamvakou-promises-perils-mining-github

  8. Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing

    Michael Armbrust, Armando Fox, Rean Griffith, Anthony D. Joseph, Randy Katz, Andy Konwinski, Gunho Lee, David Patterson, Ariel Rabkin, Ion Stoica, Matei Zaharia (UC Berkeley RAD Lab)

    UC Berkeley EECS Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2009-28, 10 February 2009. Hosted by the Berkeley EECS technical report repository.

    P 2009 summarized E13-k08-armbrust-above-the-clouds-berkeley

  9. Design Lessons from the Fastest Q&A Site in the West

    Lena Mamykina, Bella Manoim, Manas Mittal, George Hripcsak, Björn Hartmann (Columbia University Medical Center; Bard College; UC Berkeley)

    CHI 2011: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, May 7-12 2011, Vancouver BC, pp. 2857-2866. DOI 10.1145/1978942.1979366. Author's version posted by permission of ACM on Björn Hartmann's Berkeley page.

    P 2011 summarized E13-k09-mamykina-fastest-qa-site-in-the-west

  10. Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2015 (published results)

    Stack Exchange, Inc. / Stack Overflow

    Stack Overflow's own published survey results site. Survey fielded for two weeks in early February 2015; results published April 2015.

    P 2015 summarized E13-k10-stack-overflow-developer-survey-2015

  11. Stack Overflow Launches

    Joel Spolsky

    Joel on Software, self-published, dated 15 September 2008 (page also carries a later edit date of 19 April 2018).

    P 2008 summarized E13-k11-spolsky-stack-overflow-launches

  12. Introducing Stackoverflow.com

    Jeff Atwood

    Coding Horror (blog.codinghorror.com), self-published, dated 16 April 2008. Byline notes '3 min read'.

    P 2008 summarized E13-k12-atwood-introducing-stackoverflow

  13. From Query to Usable Code: An Analysis of Stack Overflow Code Snippets

    Di Yang, Aftab Hussain, Cristina Videira Lopes (Department of Informatics, University of California, Irvine)

    MSR '16: 13th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories. Preprint arXiv:1605.04464v1 [cs.SE], 14 May 2016. Stack Overflow database snapshot downloaded April 2014.

    P 2016 summarized E13-k13-yang-query-to-usable-code

  14. Awareness and Experience of Developers to Outdated and License-Violating Code on Stack Overflow: An Online Survey

    Chaiyong Ragkhitwetsagul, Jens Krinke, Rocco Oliveto

    UCL Department of Computer Science Research Note RN/17/10, dated 13 November 2017. Preprint arXiv:1806.08149v1 [cs.SE], 21 June 2018.

    P 2017 summarized E13-k14-ragkhitwetsagul-outdated-code-survey

  15. You Get Where You're Looking For: The Impact of Information Sources on Code Security

    Yasemin Acar, Michael Backes, Sascha Fahl, Doowon Kim, Michelle L. Mazurek, Christian Stransky (CISPA, Saarland University; University of Maryland, College Park)

    2016 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, pp. 289-305. DOI 10.1109/SP.2016.25. PDF served from a University of Maryland CMSC614 course page.

    P 2016 summarized E13-k15-acar-you-get-where-youre-looking-for

  16. Crowd Documentation: Exploring the Coverage and the Dynamics of API Discussions on Stack Overflow

    Chris Parnin (Georgia Tech); Christoph Treude, Lars Grammel, Margaret-Anne Storey (University of Victoria)

    Georgia Institute of Technology technical report / Web2SE-adjacent working paper, hosted on Chris Parnin's own publications page. (Companion to Parnin & Treude, 'Measuring API Documentation on the Web', Web2SE '11.)

    P 2012 summarized E13-k16-parnin-crowd-documentation

  17. Measuring API Documentation on the Web

    Chris Parnin (Georgia Institute of Technology), Christoph Treude (University of Victoria)

    Web2SE '11: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Web 2.0 for Software Engineering (co-located with ICSE 2011). Author's copy from Chris Parnin's publications page.

    P 2011 summarized E13-k17-parnin-treude-measuring-api-documentation-web

  18. Toxic Code Snippets on Stack Overflow

    Chaiyong Ragkhitwetsagul, Jens Krinke, Matheus Paixao, Giuseppe Bianco, Rocco Oliveto

    IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. DOI 10.1109/TSE.2019.2900307. Author's version, arXiv:1806.07659. Stack Overflow site statistics quoted as of 21 August 2017; clone analysis written October 2017.

    P 2019 summarized E13-k18-ragkhitwetsagul-toxic-code-snippets

  19. GHTorrent: Github's Data from a Firehose

    Georgios Gousios, Diomidis Spinellis (Department of Management Science and Technology, Athens University of Economics and Business)

    MSR '12: Proceedings of the 9th IEEE Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories, pp. 12-21. Copy served from a University of Waterloo CS846 course page. (Received the MSR Most Influential Paper Award in 2022.)

    P 2012 summarized E13-k19-gousios-ghtorrent-firehose

  20. Gender and Tenure Diversity in GitHub Teams

    Bogdan Vasilescu, Daryl Posnett, Baishakhi Ray, Mark G.J. van den Brand, Alexander Serebrenik, Premkumar Devanbu, Vladimir Filkov (UC Davis; Eindhoven University of Technology)

    CHI '15: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Authors' copy served by the CMU STRUDEL group. Data: MySQL GHTorrent dump dated 1 February 2014.

    P 2015 summarized E13-k20-vasilescu-gender-tenure-diversity-github

  21. SOTorrent: Reconstructing and Analyzing the Evolution of Stack Overflow Posts

    Sebastian Baltes, Lorik Dumani, Stephan Diehl (University of Trier); Christoph Treude (University of Adelaide)

    MSR '18: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories. Preprint arXiv:1803.07311v2 [cs.SE], 7 May 2018. Built on the official Stack Overflow data dump.

    P 2018 summarized E13-k21-baltes-sotorrent-post-evolution

  22. Amazon EC2 Beta

    Jeff Barr (Amazon Web Services Blog)

    Amazon Web Services Blog (aws.typepad.com), post dated 25 August 2006, filed under 'Announcements'. Read from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine capture of 3 September 2006

    P 2006 summarized E13-k22-aws-ec2-beta-announcement-2006

  23. A Modest Proposal for the Copy and Paste School of Code Reuse

    Jeff Atwood

    Coding Horror (blog.codinghorror.com), self-published, dated 21 April 2009

    P 2009 summarized E13-k23-atwood-copy-and-paste-school-of-code-reuse

  24. Barriers Faced by Coding Bootcamp Students

    Kyle Thayer, Amy J. Ko (University of Washington)

    ICER '17: ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research, Tacoma, WA, 18-20 August 2017, pp. 245-253

    P 2017 summarized E13-p701-thayer-ko-bootcamp-barriers

  25. 2016 Course Report Alumni Outcomes & Demographics Study

    Liz Eggleston / Course Report

    Course Report research report (third annual graduate survey)

    J 2016 summarized E13-p702-course-report-2016-outcomes

  26. 2016 Coding Bootcamp Market Sizing Report

    Liz Eggleston / Course Report

    Course Report research report (third annual market sizing study)

    J 2016 summarized E13-p703-course-report-2016-market-size

  27. Dev Bootcamp - Learn Ruby on Rails in 9 weeks (archived homepage and tuition panel)

    Bootcamp Education Inc. (Dev Bootcamp)

    devbootcamp.com, captured by the Internet Archive Wayback Machine

    P 2013 summarized E13-p704-dev-bootcamp-2013-nine-weeks

  28. Dev Bootcamp curriculum, admissions and tuition pages, 2017 (archived)

    Dev Bootcamp

    devbootcamp.com/curriculum/, /admissions/, /tuition-financing/, captured by the Internet Archive Wayback Machine

    P 2017 summarized E13-p705-dev-bootcamp-2017-eighteen-weeks

  29. Massive Open Online Course Completion Rates Revisited: Assessment, Length and Attrition

    Katy Jordan (Institute of Educational Technology, The Open University, UK)

    International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, Vol. 16 No. 3, Research Notes

    S 2015 summarized E13-p706-jordan-mooc-completion-rates

  30. Studying Learning in the Worldwide Classroom: Research into edX's First MOOC

    Lori Breslow, David E. Pritchard, Jennifer DeBoer, Glenda S. Stump, Andrew D. Ho, Daniel T. Seaton (MIT / Harvard)

    Research & Practice in Assessment, Volume 8, Summer 2013, pp. 13-25

    P 2013 summarized E13-p707-breslow-6002x-first-mooc

  31. Deconstructing Disengagement: Analyzing Learner Subpopulations in Massive Open Online Courses

    René F. Kizilcec, Chris Piech, Emily Schneider (Stanford University)

    LAK '13: Third International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge, Leuven, Belgium

    P 2013 summarized E13-p708-kizilcec-deconstructing-disengagement

  32. Retention and Intention in Massive Open Online Courses: In Depth

    Daphne Koller, Andrew Ng, Chuong Do, Zhenghao Chen (Coursera / Stanford)

    EDUCAUSE Review Online, 3 June 2013 (CC-BY 3.0), archived by the Internet Archive

    P 2013 summarized E13-p709-koller-retention-and-intention

  33. MOOC Completion and Retention in the Context of Student Intent

    Justin Reich (Richard L. Menschel HarvardX Research Fellow, Harvard University)

    EDUCAUSE Review Online, peer reviewed, 8 December 2014, archived by the Internet Archive

    P 2014 summarized E13-p710-reich-completion-and-intent

  34. HarvardX and MITx: The First Year of Open Online Courses, Fall 2012-Summer 2013 (Working Paper No. 1)

    Andrew D. Ho, Justin Reich, Sergiy Nesterko, Daniel T. Seaton, Tommy Mullaney, Jim Waldo, Isaac Chuang

    HarvardX and MITx Working Paper #1, 21 January 2014; deposited in MIT DSpace (handle 1721.1/96649)

    P 2014 summarized E13-p711-ho-harvardx-mitx-first-year

  35. 6.00x Introduction to Computer Science and Programming, MITx on edX Course Report - 2013 Spring (MITx Working Paper #7)

    Daniel T. Seaton, Justin Reich, Sergiy Nesterko, Tommy Mullaney, Jim Waldo, Andrew Ho, Isaac Chuang

    MITx Working Paper #7, January 2014; MIT DSpace handle 1721.1/96655

    P 2014 summarized E13-p712-seaton-600x-course-report

  36. HarvardX: CS50x Introduction to Computer Science, edX course page (2014 capture)

    HarvardX / edX Inc., course taught by David J. Malan

    edx.org course listing, captured by the Internet Archive Wayback Machine

    P 2014 summarized E13-p713-cs50x-edx-2014-course-page

  37. Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2017: Education, Self-Teaching and Bootcamp Success

    Stack Exchange, Inc. / Stack Overflow

    Stack Overflow Annual Developer Survey, published results

    P 2017 summarized E13-p714-so-survey-2017-bootcamp-success

  38. Please Don't Learn to Code

    Jeff Atwood (co-founder, Stack Overflow)

    Coding Horror, 14 May 2012

    P 2012 summarized E13-p715-atwood-please-dont-learn-to-code

  39. The Odin Project homepage and curriculum overview (2014 capture)

    The Odin Project (Erik Trautman et al.)

    theodinproject.com, captured by the Internet Archive Wayback Machine

    P 2014 summarized E13-p716-odin-project-2014-free-path

  40. Codecademy blog, January-April 2012: Code Year, the White House partnership, and the learn-by-doing pitch

    Zach Sims, Ryan Bubinski et al. (Codecademy)

    codecademy.com/blog, captured by the Internet Archive Wayback Machine (capture of 1 April 2012)

    P 2012 summarized E13-p717-codecademy-code-year-2012

  41. Free Code Camp homepage, 2015 (archived)

    Free Code Camp (Quincy Larson)

    freecodecamp.com, captured by the Internet Archive Wayback Machine (April 2015)

    P 2015 summarized E13-p718-freecodecamp-2015-launch

  42. CIRR: About and Reporting Standards (Council on Integrity in Results Reporting)

    Council on Integrity in Results Reporting (CIRR)

    cirr.org, About and Our Standards pages (pages retrieved 2026; organisation founded 2016)

    P 2016 summarized E13-p719-cirr-standards

  43. 2015 Course Report Alumni Outcomes & Demographics Study

    Liz Eggleston / Course Report

    Course Report research report (second annual graduate survey)

    J 2015 summarized E13-p720-course-report-2015-outcomes

E14 2012-2020 Deep learning arrives, early code models, autocomplete gets smart 22 records

  1. On the Naturalness of Software

    Abram Hindle, Earl T. Barr, Zhendong Su, Mark Gabel, Premkumar Devanbu

    ICSE 2012: 34th International Conference on Software Engineering, Zurich, June 2012, pp. 837-847

    P 2012 summarized E14-l07-hindle-naturalness-of-software

  2. Code Completion with Statistical Language Models

    Veselin Raychev, Martin Vechev, Eran Yahav (ETH Zürich; Technion)

    PLDI 2014: ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation

    P 2014 summarized E14-l08-raychev-code-completion-slang

  3. code2vec: Learning Distributed Representations of Code

    Uri Alon (Technion), Meital Zilberstein (Technion), Omer Levy (Facebook AI Research), Eran Yahav (Technion)

    arXiv:1803.09473v5 [cs.LG], 30 October 2018 (POPL 2019)

    P 2018 summarized E14-l09-alon-code2vec

  4. A Survey of Machine Learning for Big Code and Naturalness

    Miltiadis Allamanis (Microsoft Research), Earl T. Barr (University College London), Premkumar Devanbu (UC Davis), Charles Sutton (University of Edinburgh / The Alan Turing Institute)

    arXiv:1709.06182v2 [cs.SE], 5 May 2018 (ACM Computing Surveys)

    S 2018 summarized E14-l10-allamanis-big-code-survey

  5. CodeSearchNet Challenge: Evaluating the State of Semantic Code Search

    Hamel Husain, Ho-Hsiang Wu, Tiferet Gazit (GitHub); Miltiadis Allamanis, Marc Brockschmidt (Microsoft Research)

    arXiv:1909.09436v3 [cs.LG], 8 June 2020

    P 2019 summarized E14-l11-husain-codesearchnet

  6. CodeBERT: A Pre-Trained Model for Programming and Natural Languages

    Zhangyin Feng, Daya Guo, Duyu Tang, Nan Duan, Xiaocheng Feng, Ming Gong, Linjun Shou, Bing Qin, Ting Liu, Daxin Jiang, Ming Zhou (Harbin Institute of Technology; Sun Yat-sen University; Microsoft Research Asia; Microsoft STCA)

    arXiv:2002.08155v4 [cs.CL], 18 September 2020 (Findings of EMNLP 2020)

    P 2020 gathered E14-l12-feng-codebert

  7. ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

    Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever, Geoffrey E. Hinton (University of Toronto)

    Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 25 (NIPS 2012)

    P 2012 summarized E14-l201-krizhevsky-alexnet

  8. Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networks

    Ilya Sutskever, Oriol Vinyals, Quoc V. Le (Google)

    arXiv:1409.3215v3 [cs.CL], 14 December 2014 (NIPS 2014)

    P 2014 summarized E14-l202-sutskever-seq2seq

  9. Attention Is All You Need

    Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N. Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, Illia Polosukhin (Google Brain; Google Research; University of Toronto)

    arXiv:1706.03762 [cs.CL] (NIPS 2017)

    P 2017 summarized E14-l203-vaswani-attention-transformer

  10. BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding

    Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, Kristina Toutanova (Google AI Language)

    arXiv:1810.04805 [cs.CL] (NAACL-HLT 2019)

    P 2018 summarized E14-l204-devlin-bert

  11. Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners

    Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, Ilya Sutskever (OpenAI, San Francisco, California, United States)

    OpenAI technical report (GPT-2)

    P 2019 summarized E14-l205-radford-gpt2

  12. Language Models are Few-Shot Learners

    Tom B. Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, et al. (OpenAI)

    arXiv:2005.14165 [cs.CL] (NeurIPS 2020)

    P 2020 summarized E14-l206-brown-gpt3-few-shot

  13. Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models

    Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B. Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Dario Amodei (OpenAI; Johns Hopkins University)

    arXiv:2001.08361 [cs.LG]

    P 2020 summarized E14-l207-kaplan-scaling-laws

  14. Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition

    Kaiming He, Xiangyu Zhang, Shaoqing Ren, Jian Sun (Microsoft Research)

    arXiv:1512.03385 [cs.CV], submitted 10 December 2015 (CVPR 2016)

    P 2015 summarized E14-l208-he-resnet

  15. DeepCoder: Learning to Write Programs

    Matej Balog (University of Cambridge / Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems), Alexander L. Gaunt, Marc Brockschmidt, Sebastian Nowozin, Daniel Tarlow (Microsoft Research)

    arXiv:1611.01989 [cs.LG] (ICLR 2017)

    P 2017 summarized E14-l209-balog-deepcoder

  16. A Syntactic Neural Model for General-Purpose Code Generation

    Pengcheng Yin, Graham Neubig (Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University)

    arXiv:1704.01696 [cs.CL] (ACL 2017)

    P 2017 summarized E14-l210-yin-neubig-syntactic-code-generation

  17. Are Deep Neural Networks the Best Choice for Modeling Source Code?

    Vincent J. Hellendoorn, Premkumar Devanbu (Computer Science Dept., UC Davis)

    ESEC/FSE'17: 2017 11th Joint Meeting of the European Software Engineering Conference and the ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering, Paderborn, Germany, September 4-8, 2017, 11 pages, pp. 763-773

    P 2017 summarized E14-l211-hellendoorn-devanbu-is-dl-good

  18. Big Code != Big Vocabulary: Open-Vocabulary Models for Source Code

    Rafael-Michael Karampatsis (University of Edinburgh), Hlib Babii (Free University of Bozen-Bolzano), Romain Robbes (Free University of Bozen-Bolzano), Charles Sutton (Google AI, University of Edinburgh and The Alan Turing Institute), Andrea Janes (Free University of Bozen-Bolzano)

    ICSE '20: 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea, May 23-29, 2020 (arXiv:2003.07914)

    P 2020 summarized E14-l212-karampatsis-big-code-big-vocabulary

  19. IntelliCode Compose: Code Generation using Transformer

    Alexey Svyatkovskiy, Shao Kun Deng, Shengyu Fu, Neel Sundaresan (Microsoft, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA, USA 98052)

    arXiv:2005.08025 [cs.SE] (ESEC/FSE 2020, industry track)

    P 2020 summarized E14-l213-svyatkovskiy-intellicode-compose

  20. Learning and Evaluating Contextual Embedding of Source Code

    Aditya Kanade, Petros Maniatis, Gogul Balakrishnan, Kensen Shi (Google Brain)

    ICML 2020: 37th International Conference on Machine Learning (arXiv:2001.00059)

    P 2020 summarized E14-l214-kanade-cubert

  21. Learning to Represent Programs with Graphs

    Miltiadis Allamanis, Marc Brockschmidt (Microsoft Research, Cambridge, UK), Mahmoud Khademi (Simon Fraser University; work done as intern at Microsoft Research)

    arXiv:1711.00740 [cs.LG] (ICLR 2018)

    P 2018 summarized E14-l215-allamanis-programs-with-graphs

  22. Summarizing Source Code using a Neural Attention Model

    Srinivasan Iyer, Ioannis Konstas, Alvin Cheung, Luke Zettlemoyer (Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195)

    Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 2073-2083, Berlin, Germany, August 7-12, 2016

    P 2016 summarized E14-l216-iyer-code-nn-summarization

E15 2020-2026 Codex, Copilot, ChatGPT, Cursor, agentic coding 44 records

  1. The Impact of AI on Developer Productivity: Evidence from GitHub Copilot

    Sida Peng (Microsoft Research), Eirini Kalliamvakou (GitHub), Peter Cihon (GitHub), Mert Demirer (MIT Sloan)

    arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.06590v1 [cs.SE], 13 February 2023

    P 2023 summarized E15-l02-peng-copilot-rct-55-percent

  2. Productivity Assessment of Neural Code Completion

    Albert Ziegler, Eirini Kalliamvakou, Shawn Simister, Ganesh Sittampalam, Alice Li, Andrew Rice, Devon Rifkin, Edward Aftandilian (GitHub, Inc.)

    MAPS '22: 6th ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on Machine Programming, San Diego, 13 June 2022; arXiv:2205.06537v1

    P 2022 summarized E15-l03-ziegler-acceptance-rate-productivity

  3. Asleep at the Keyboard? Assessing the Security of GitHub Copilot's Code Contributions

    Hammond Pearce, Baleegh Ahmad, Benjamin Tan, Brendan Dolan-Gavitt, Ramesh Karri

    arXiv:2108.09293v3 [cs.CR], 16 December 2021 (later IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy 2022)

    P 2021 summarized E15-l04-pearce-asleep-at-the-keyboard

  4. Lost at C: A User Study on the Security Implications of Large Language Model Code Assistants

    Gustavo Sandoval, Hammond Pearce, Teo Nys, Ramesh Karri, Siddharth Garg, Brendan Dolan-Gavitt (New York University)

    arXiv:2208.09727v4 [cs.CR], 27 February 2023 (USENIX Security 2023)

    P 2023 summarized E15-l05-sandoval-lost-at-c

  5. Do Users Write More Insecure Code with AI Assistants?

    Neil Perry, Megha Srivastava, Deepak Kumar, Dan Boneh (Stanford University; UC San Diego)

    CCS '23: 2023 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Copenhagen, 26-30 November 2023; arXiv:2211.03622v3

    P 2023 summarized E15-l06-perry-insecure-code-overconfidence

  6. Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code

    Mark Chen, Jerry Tworek, Heewoo Jun, Qiming Yuan, Henrique Ponde de Oliveira Pinto, Jared Kaplan, Harri Edwards, Yuri Burda, Nicholas Joseph, Greg Brockman, and 48 others (OpenAI; Anthropic; Zipline)

    arXiv:2107.03374v2 [cs.LG], submitted 7 July 2021, revised 14 July 2021

    P 2021 summarized E15-l13-chen-codex-humaneval

  7. Is Your Code Generated by ChatGPT Really Correct? Rigorous Evaluation of Large Language Models for Code Generation

    Jiawei Liu, Chunqiu Steven Xia, Yuyao Wang, Lingming Zhang (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Nanjing University)

    arXiv:2305.01210v3 [cs.SE], 30 October 2023 (NeurIPS 2023)

    P 2023 summarized E15-l14-liu-evalplus-humaneval-plus

  8. SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?

    Carlos E. Jimenez, John Yang, Alexander Wettig, Shunyu Yao, Kexin Pei, Ofir Press, Karthik Narasimhan (Princeton University; University of Chicago)

    ICLR 2024 (published conference paper); arXiv:2310.06770

    P 2024 summarized E15-l15-jimenez-swebench

  9. SWE-agent: Agent-Computer Interfaces Enable Automated Software Engineering

    John Yang, Carlos E. Jimenez, Alexander Wettig, Kilian Lieret, Shunyu Yao, Karthik Narasimhan, Ofir Press (Princeton Language and Intelligence, Princeton University)

    arXiv:2405.15793v3 [cs.SE], 11 November 2024 (NeurIPS 2024)

    P 2024 summarized E15-l16-yang-swe-agent

  10. Sea Change in Software Development: Economic and Productivity Analysis of the AI-Powered Developer Lifecycle

    Thomas Dohmke (CEO, GitHub), Marco Iansiti (Harvard Business School and Keystone.AI), Greg Richards (Keystone.AI)

    GitHub / Keystone.AI white paper (retrieved as arXiv:2306.15033)

    J 2023 summarized E15-l17-dohmke-sea-change-vendor-claim

  11. Coding on Copilot: 2023 Data Suggests Downward Pressure on Code Quality (incl 2024 projections)

    GitClear (William Harding and Matthew Kloster, per GitClear's own attribution

    GitClear research report (company website)

    J 2024 gathered E15-l18-gitclear-code-quality-churn

  12. Grounded Copilot: How Programmers Interact with Code-Generating Models

    Shraddha Barke, Michael B. James, Nadia Polikarpova (UC San Diego)

    arXiv:2206.15000v3 [cs.HC], 31 October 2022 (Proc. ACM Program. Lang., OOPSLA 2023)

    P 2022 summarized E15-l19-barke-grounded-copilot

  13. GitHub Copilot AI pair programmer: Asset or Liability?

    Arghavan Moradi Dakhel, Vahid Majdinasab, Amin Nikanjam, Foutse Khomh, Michel C. Desmarais (Polytechnique Montreal); Zhen Ming (Jack) Jiang (York University)

    arXiv:2206.15331 (Journal of Systems and Software, 2023)

    P 2023 summarized E15-l20-dakhel-asset-or-liability

  14. Competition-Level Code Generation with AlphaCode

    Yujia Li, David Choi, Junyoung Chung, Nate Kushman, Julian Schrittwieser, Rémi Leblond, Tom Eccles, James Keeling, Felix Gimeno, Agustin Dal Lago, and others (DeepMind)

    arXiv:2203.07814 (DeepMind technical report dated 2022-3-16; later Science 378:6624)

    P 2022 summarized E15-l21-li-alphacode

  15. We Have a Package for You! A Comprehensive Analysis of Package Hallucinations by Code Generating LLMs

    Joseph Spracklen, Raveen Wijewickrama, A H M Nazmus Sakib, Anindya Maiti (University of Texas at San Antonio; University of Oklahoma), Bimal Viswanath (Virginia Tech)

    arXiv:2406.10279 (USENIX Security 2025)

    P 2024 summarized E15-l22-spracklen-package-hallucinations

  16. Security Weaknesses of Copilot-Generated Code in GitHub Projects: An Empirical Study

    Yujia Fu, Peng Liang (Wuhan University), Amjed Tahir (Massey University), Zengyang Li (Central China Normal University), Mojtaba Shahin (RMIT), Jiaxin Yu, Jinfu Chen (Wuhan University)

    ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology (February 2025); arXiv:2310.02059

    P 2025 summarized E15-l23-fu-copilot-security-in-the-wild

  17. Is Stack Overflow Obsolete? An Empirical Study of the Characteristics of ChatGPT Answers to Stack Overflow Questions

    Samia Kabir, David N. Udo-Imeh, Bonan Kou, Tianyi Zhang (Purdue University)

    CHI 2024: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Honolulu; arXiv:2308.02312

    P 2024 summarized E15-l24-kabir-chatgpt-stackoverflow-answers

  18. Reading Between the Lines: Modeling User Behavior and Costs in AI-Assisted Programming

    Hussein Mozannar (MIT), Gagan Bansal, Adam Fourney, Eric Horvitz (Microsoft Research)

    arXiv:2210.14306 [cs.HC] (later CHI 2024)

    P 2022 summarized E15-l25-mozannar-cups-verification-time

  19. Programming Is Hard, Or at Least It Used to Be: Educational Opportunities And Challenges of AI Code Generation

    Brett A. Becker (University College Dublin), Paul Denny (University of Auckland), James Finnie-Ansley (University of Auckland), Andrew Luxton-Reilly (University of Auckland), James Prather (Abilene Christian University), Eddie Antonio Santos (University College Dublin)

    SIGCSE 2023: 54th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education; arXiv:2212.01020

    P 2023 summarized E15-l26-becker-programming-is-hard-education

  20. The Robots are Here: Navigating the Generative AI Revolution in Computing Education

    James Prather, Paul Denny, Juho Leinonen, Brett A. Becker, Ibrahim Albluwi, Michelle Craig, Hieke Keuning, Natalie Kiesler, Tobias Kohn, Andrew Luxton-Reilly, Stephen MacNeil, Andrew Petersen, Raymond Pettit, Brent N. Reeves, Jaromir Savelka

    ITiCSE-WGR 2023 working group report; arXiv:2310.00658

    S 2023 summarized E15-l27-prather-robots-are-here-iticse

  21. 2024 Accelerate State of DevOps Report

    DORA (DevOps Research and Assessment) / Google Cloud

    Google Cloud / DORA annual industry survey report, version 2024.3

    J 2024 summarized E15-l28-dora-2024-ai-delivery-performance

  22. Program Synthesis with Large Language Models

    Jacob Austin, Augustus Odena, Maxwell Nye, Maarten Bosma, Henryk Michalewski, David Dohan, Ellen Jiang, Carrie Cai, Michael Terry, Quoc Le, Charles Sutton (Google Research)

    arXiv:2108.07732v1 [cs.PL], 16 August 2021

    P 2021 summarized E15-l29-austin-mbpp-program-synthesis

  23. Copilot Arena: A Platform for Code LLM Evaluation in the Wild

    Wayne Chi, Valerie Chen, Aditya Mittal, Chris Donahue, Ameet Talwalkar (Carnegie Mellon University); Anastasios Nikolas Angelopoulos, Wei-Lin Chiang, Naman Jain, Tianjun Zhang, Ion Stoica (UC Berkeley)

    arXiv:2502.09328 [cs.SE]

    P 2025 summarized E15-l30-chi-copilot-arena-in-the-wild

  24. Computing Education in the Era of Generative AI

    Paul Denny (University of Auckland), James Prather (Abilene Christian University), Brett A. Becker (University College Dublin), James Finnie-Ansley (University of Auckland), Arto Hellas, Juho Leinonen, Sami Sarsa (Aalto University), Andrew Luxton-Reilly (University of Auckland), Brent N. Reeves (Abilene Christian University), Eddie Antonio Santos (University College Dublin)

    Communications of the ACM (2024); arXiv:2306.02608

    S 2023 gathered E15-l32-denny-computing-education-genai

  25. Studying the effect of AI Code Generators on Supporting Novice Learners in Introductory Programming

    Majeed Kazemitabaar, Justin Chow, Carl Ka To Ma, Barbara J. Ericson, David Weintrop, Tovi Grossman

    CHI '23: Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Hamburg; arXiv:2302.07427v2

    P 2023 verified E15-p801-kazemitabaar-codex-novice-controlled-study

  26. The Widening Gap: The Benefits and Harms of Generative AI for Novice Programmers

    James Prather, Brent Reeves, Juho Leinonen, Stephen MacNeil, Arisoa S. Randrianasolo, Brett Becker, Bailey Kimmel, Jared Wright, Ben Briggs

    ICER 2024: ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research; arXiv:2405.17739v1

    P 2024 verified E15-p802-prather-widening-gap-illusion-of-competence

  27. How Novices Use LLM-Based Code Generators to Solve CS1 Coding Tasks in a Self-Paced Learning Environment

    Majeed Kazemitabaar, Xinying Hou, Austin Henley, Barbara J. Ericson, David Weintrop, Tovi Grossman

    Koli Calling '23: 23rd Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research; arXiv:2309.14049v1

    P 2023 verified E15-p803-kazemitabaar-koli-four-coding-approaches

  28. Mitigating \

    Sreecharan Sankaranarayanan (Extuitive Inc. / Flagship Pioneering)

    L@S '26: 13th ACM Conference on Learning at Scale, Seoul (accepted); arXiv:2602.20206v2, 31 Mar 2026

    P 2026 verified E15-p804-sankaranarayanan-epistemic-debt-ai-blackout

  29. Generative AI without guardrails can harm learning: Evidence from high school mathematics

    Hamsa Bastani, Osbert Bastani, Alp Sungu, Haosen Ge, Özge Kabakcı, Rei Mariman

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS); PMC12232635; DOI 10.1073/pnas.2422633122

    P 2025 verified E15-p805-bastani-genai-without-guardrails-harms-learning

  30. Measuring actual learning versus feeling of learning in response to being actively engaged in the classroom

    Louis Deslauriers, Logan S. McCarty, Kelly Miller, Kristina Callaghan, Greg Kestin (Harvard University)

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116(39); PMC6765278

    P 2019 verified E15-p806-deslauriers-feeling-of-learning-vs-actual-learning

  31. Making Things Hard on Yourself, But in a Good Way: Creating Desirable Difficulties to Enhance Learning

    Elizabeth Ligon Bjork and Robert A. Bjork (University of California, Los Angeles)

    Psychology and the Real World: Essays Illustrating Fundamental Contributions to Society, FABBS Foundation / Worth Publishers, ch. 5, pp. 56-64

    P 2011 verified E15-p807-bjork-desirable-difficulties-generation-effect

  32. Generalizing test-enhanced learning from the laboratory to the classroom

    Mark A. McDaniel, Henry L. Roediger III, Kathleen B. McDermott (Washington University, St. Louis)

    Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 14(2), 200-206

    P 2007 verified E15-p808-mcdaniel-roediger-test-enhanced-learning-classroom

  33. CS1-LLM: Integrating LLMs into CS1 Instruction

    Annapurna Vadaparty, Daniel Zingaro, David H. Smith IV, Mounika Padala, Christine Alvarado, Jamie Gorson Benario, Leo Porter

    ITiCSE 2024 experience report; arXiv:2406.15379v1 (17 Apr 2024)

    P 2024 verified E15-p809-vadaparty-cs1-llm-course-design

  34. Integrating Large Language Models and Evaluating Student Outcomes in an Introductory Computer Science Course

    Annapurna Vadaparty, David H. Smith IV, Samvrit Srinath, Mounika Padala, Christine Alvarado, Jamie Gorson Benario, Daniel Zingaro, Leo Porter

    arXiv:2510.18806v1 (21 Oct 2025), submitted to ACM

    P 2025 summarized E15-p810-vadaparty-cs1-llm-student-outcomes

  35. ChatGPT in Introductory Programming: Counterbalanced Evaluation of Code Quality, Conceptual Learning, and Student Perceptions

    Shiza Andleeb, Brandon Kantorski, Jeffrey Carver (The University of Alabama)

    SIGCITE '25: 26th ACM Annual Conference on Cybersecurity and Information Technology Education; arXiv:2510.00946v1

    P 2025 verified E15-p811-andleeb-counterbalanced-chatgpt-cs1

  36. \

    Pedro Alves, Bruno Pereira Cipriano (Lusófona University, Portugal)

    arXiv:2411.17855v2 (26 Nov 2024)

    P 2024 summarized E15-p812-alves-cipriano-give-me-the-code-prompt-logs

  37. Three Years with Classroom AI in Introductory Programming: Shifts in Student Awareness, Interaction, and Performance

    Boxuan Ma, Huiyong Li, Gen Li, Li Chen, Cheng Tang, Atsushi Shimada, Shin'ichi Konomi (Kyushu University; Osaka Kyoiku University)

    arXiv:2603.22672v1 (24 Mar 2026)

    P 2026 verified E15-p813-ma-three-years-classroom-ai-longitudinal

  38. Relationships Between Trust, Compliance, and Performance for Novice Programmers Using AI Code Generation

    Nicholas Gardella, Matthew L. Bolton, Sara L. Riggs (University of Virginia)

    arXiv:2604.18948v1 (21 Apr 2026)

    P 2026 verified E15-p814-gardella-novice-trust-compliance-performance

  39. Prompt Problems: A New Programming Exercise for the Generative AI Era

    Paul Denny, Juho Leinonen, James Prather, Andrew Luxton-Reilly, Thezyrie Amarouche, Brett A. Becker, Brent N. Reeves

    SIGCSE 2024: 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, Portland; arXiv:2311.05943v1

    P 2024 verified E15-p815-denny-prompt-problems-new-exercise

  40. Understanding Student Perceptions, Mistakes, and Debugging Approaches when Solving Natural Language Programming Tasks

    Victor-Alexandru Pădurean, Kaitlin Riegel, Gweneth Barbre, Musa Blake, Paul Denny, Alkis Gotovos, Juho Leinonen, Stephen MacNeil, James Prather, Adish Singla

    ICER 2026 Vol. 1, Uppsala; arXiv:2607.05034v1 (6 Jul 2026)

    P 2026 verified E15-p816-padurean-prompt-problem-mistakes-cs1

  41. CodeHelp: Using Large Language Models with Guardrails for Scalable Support in Programming Classes

    Mark Liffiton, Brad Sheese (Illinois Wesleyan University), Jaromir Savelka (Carnegie Mellon University), Paul Denny (University of Auckland)

    Koli Calling '23; arXiv:2308.06921v1 (14 Aug 2023)

    P 2023 verified E15-p817-liffiton-codehelp-guardrails-deployment

  42. CodeAid: Evaluating a Classroom Deployment of an LLM-based Programming Assistant that Balances Student and Educator Needs

    Majeed Kazemitabaar, Runlong Ye, Xiaoning Wang, Austin Z. Henley, Paul Denny, Michelle Craig, Tovi Grossman

    CHI '24: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Honolulu; arXiv:2401.11314v2

    P 2024 verified E15-p818-kazemitabaar-codeaid-classroom-deployment

  43. How Novice Programmers Use and Experience ChatGPT when Solving Programming Exercises in an Introductory Course

    Andreas Scholl, Natalie Kiesler (Nuremberg Tech)

    2024 IEEE ASEE Frontiers in Education Conference, Washington D.C.; arXiv:2407.20792v1

    P 2024 verified E15-p819-scholl-kiesler-novice-chatgpt-usage-survey

  44. \

    Kiev Gama, Filipe Calegario, Victoria Jackson, Alexander Nolte, Luiz Augusto Morais, Vinicius Garcia

    ICSE 2026 SEET track (author pre-print); arXiv:2512.02750v1 (2 Dec 2025)

    P 2025 verified E15-p820-gama-vibe-coding-novice-hackathon

E16 cross-era The obsolescence discourse itself: every "programmers are finished" claim, by date 25 records

  1. Preliminary Report: Specifications for the IBM Mathematical FORmula TRANslating System, FORTRAN

    Programming Research Group, Applied Science Division, International Business Machines Corporation (John W. Backus et al.)

    IBM internal/customer report, New York, 10 November 1954 (29 pp.)

    P 1954 verified E16-m01-fortran-preliminary-report-1954

  2. Software Aspects of Strategic Defense Systems

    David Lorge Parnas

    Communications of the ACM 28(12), December 1985, pp. 1326-1335 (originally American Scientist 73, Sept-Oct 1985, pp. 432-440)

    P 1985 summarized E16-m04-parnas-1985-automatic-programming-euphemism

  3. Measuring the Impact of Early-2025 AI on Experienced Open-Source Developer Productivity

    Joel Becker, Nate Rush, Beth Barnes, David Rein (Model Evaluation & Threat Research, METR)

    arXiv:2507.09089v2 [cs.AI], 25 July 2025

    P 2025 summarized E16-m07-metr-2025-ai-slowdown-rct

  4. The End of Programming

    Matt Welsh

    Communications of the ACM, Vol. 66 No. 1, January 2023 (Opinion). DOI 10.1145/3570220

    P 2023 summarized E16-m09-welsh-2023-end-of-programming

  5. Productivity: Let the Users Program (interview with James Martin on Application Development Without Programmers)

    Ronald A. Frank (reporter); James Martin (interviewee)

    Datamation, Volume 28 Number 1, January 1982, p. 88

    P 1982 summarized E16-m10-datamation-1982-let-the-users-program-martin

  6. Don't Shoot the Programmers

    Alex Pines and Dan Pines (founders and senior executives of Bytel Corp.)

    Datamation, Volume 29 Number 8, August 1983, pp. c.112-114

    P 1983 summarized E16-m11-datamation-1983-dont-shoot-the-programmers

  7. Rethinking Productivity

    Bill Inmon

    Datamation, Volume 30 Number 9, 15 June 1984, from p. 185

    P 1984 summarized E16-m12-inmon-1984-rethinking-productivity-4gl

  8. Blue Skies Ahead

    J. Daniel Couger

    Datamation, Volume 30 Number 21, 15 December 1984, from p. 107

    P 1984 summarized E16-m13-couger-1984-blue-skies-demise-of-the-programmer

  9. Immediate Access and the User

    Dr. Murray Turoff

    Datamation, Volume 12 Number 8, August 1966, pp. 57-58

    P 1966 summarized E16-m14-turoff-1966-immediate-access-and-the-user-satire

  10. NVIDIA CEO: Every Country Needs AI (report of Jensen Huang's fireside chat at the World Governments Summit, Dubai)

    Brian Caulfield (NVIDIA Blog); quoting Jensen Huang

    NVIDIA Corporate Blog, 12 February 2024. Reporting remarks made Monday 12 February 2024 at the World Governments Summit, Dubai, in a fireside chat with UAE Minister of State for AI Omar Al Olama.

    P 2024 summarized E16-m16-huang-2024-nobody-has-to-program

  11. Now RCA Removes More of the Mystery From Data Processing! First to provide new Plain-English Programming (RCA COBOL Narrator advertisement)

    Radio Corporation of America, Electronic Data Processing Division (advertiser)

    Datamation, Volume 6 Number 5, September/October 1960, p. 21 (page number inferred

    P 1960 summarized E16-m18-rca-1960-cobol-narrator-advertisement

  12. RCA's COBOL Halves EDP Get-Ready Time at Space Technology Labs (RCA advertisement, 'What's new at RCA is news in EDP')

    Radio Corporation of America, Electronic Data Processing Division (advertiser)

    Datamation, Volume 8 Number 9, September 1962 (page number not confirmed

    P 1962 summarized E16-m19-rca-1962-cobol-stl-advertisement

  13. Scientific Computing: three significant trends

    Frank Wagner

    Datamation, January 1962, from p. 31

    P 1962 summarized E16-m20-wagner-1962-assembly-languages-obsolescent

  14. Stalking the Elusive Computer Bug

    Peggy Aldrich Kidwell (Curator, Mathematics Collections, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution)

    IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 20, No. 4, October-December 1998, pp. 5-9. Copy read: the complete article as filed publicly as an exhibit in a USPTO patent proceeding (ROXR, Inc. Exhibit 1017), retrieved as PDF and text-extracted.

    S 1998 verified E16-my01-kidwell-1998-stalking-the-elusive-computer-bug

  15. Glossary, Section 1: A, B (First edition, March 1953)

    Computers and Automation (editor Edmund C. Berkeley), unsigned

    Computers and Automation, Vol. 2, No. 2, March 1953, p. 25 (listed in the contents as 'Glossary -- Section 1: A, B (cumulative) 25'). Scanned microfilm, Internet Archive.

    P 1953 verified E16-my02-computers-and-automation-1953-03-glossary-a-b

  16. Glossary, Section 2: C, D, E (First edition, section 2, cumulative, May 1953)

    Computers and Automation (editor Edmund C. Berkeley), unsigned

    Computers and Automation, Vol. 2, No. 4, May 1953, p. 17 (contents: 'Glossary: Section 2

    P 1953 verified E16-my03-computers-and-automation-1953-05-glossary-c-d-e

  17. A Glossary of Computer Terminology

    Grace M. Hopper, Programming Research Section, Remington Rand, Inc., Philadelphia

    Computers and Automation, Vol. 3, No. 5, May 1954, p. 14 ff. (contents: 'A Glossary of Computer Terminology 14 .. G.M. Hopper'). Kidwell 1998 cites the 'debug' entry at p. 16. Scanned microfilm, Internet Archive.

    P 1954 verified E16-my04-hopper-1954-glossary-computers-and-automation

  18. Did You Know? Edison Coined the Term “Bug”

    Alexander B. Magoun and Paul Israel

    IEEE Spectrum, 1 August 2013. Paul Israel is the director and general editor of the Thomas A. Edison Papers at Rutgers University

    J 2013 verified E16-my05-magoun-israel-2013-edison-coined-bug

  19. Bus Wars (Perspectives column)

    George Morrow

    InfoWorld, Vol. 10, No. 46, 14 November 1988, 'Perspectives' section, column begins p. 59; the Gates sentence appears in the column's continuation. Complete issue scanned by Google and mirrored at the Internet Archive.

    P 1988 disputed E16-my06-infoworld-1988-morrow-bus-wars-640k

  20. IBM Personal Computer Technical Reference (part 6025008), August 1981, System Memory Map

    IBM Corporation, Personal Computer, Boca Raton, Florida

    IBM Personal Computer Technical Reference manual, first edition, August 1981, IBM part number 6025008. Section 2, 'System Memory Map', pp. 2-24 to 2-27. Scanned at bitsavers.org.

    P 1981 verified E16-my07-ibm-pc-technical-reference-1981-memory-map

  21. The '640K' quote won't go away, but did Gates really say it?

    Eric Lai

    Computerworld, 23 June 2008

    J 2008 disputed E16-my08-computerworld-2008-lai-640k-quote

  22. Structured Programming with go to Statements

    Donald E. Knuth, Stanford University

    Computing Surveys (ACM), Vol. 6, No. 4, December 1974, pp. 261-301. The 'premature optimization' passage is on p. 268.

    P 1974 verified E16-my09-knuth-1974-premature-optimization

  23. Profile of David H. Ahl (Creative Computing tenth-anniversary issue), the DEC operations committee, 17 May 1974

    Creative Computing, tenth-anniversary profile of founder David H. Ahl; byline not recoverable from the scan (Quote Investigator attributes it to John J. Anderson)

    Creative Computing, Vol. 10, No. 11, November 1984; the passage falls on the pages following the running folio '70 CREATIVE COMPUTING/NOVEMBER' and before '72 CREATIVE COMPUTING/NOVEMBER 1984'. Complete issue scanned, Internet Archive.

    P 1984 disputed E16-my10-creative-computing-1984-11-ahl-olsen-1974

  24. Interview with Gordon Bell (Dave Ahl interviewing), the Olsen remark, as told in 1980

    David H. Ahl (interviewer) and C. Gordon Bell (Vice President of Engineering, Digital Equipment Corporation)

    Creative Computing, Vol. 6, No. 4, April 1980. Complete issue scanned, Internet Archive. Exact page not fixed from the scan's OCR; the interview carries the running head 'CREATIVE COMPUTING / APRIL 1980' and the standing credit line 'Dr. Gordon Bell is Vice Preside[nt]...'

    P 1980 disputed E16-my11-creative-computing-1980-04-ahl-bell-olsen

  25. IBM Corporate Archives, Frequently Asked Questions, 'Did Thomas Watson say in the 1950s that he foresaw a market potential for only five electronic computers?'

    IBM Corporate Archives (Somers, N.Y.), IBM Corporation

    IBM Corporate Archives 'Frequently Asked Questions' reference document, 96 pp., formerly published at www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/faq.pdf. The live IBM URL now 404s; the copy read is the Internet Archive Wayback Machine capture.

    P 2015 disputed E16-my12-ibm-archives-faq-watson-five-computers

Errata

Corrections

An error found after publication gets a dated entry here, and the underlying record is rewritten. Silent fixes are not allowed. The corrections list is part of the argument the book is making, so it stays on this page whether or not it is flattering.

The book is not published yet, so there is nothing to correct here. If you have found something wrong in a draft, in a sample chapter, or in a record on this page, write to contact@eustatiu.com and it will be checked against the document rather than argued about.